Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2019)                   JSBCH 2019, 3(1): 287-297 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Ghasemi Z, Kajbaf M B. The Relationship of Mindfulness, Psychological Hardiness and Spirituality with Depression in Mothers. JSBCH 2019; 3 (1) :287-297
URL: http://sbrh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.html
1- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
2- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. , m.b.kaj@edu.ui.ac.ir
Abstract:   (2920 Views)
Background: In recent years, the incidence of depression in people, especially women, has been growing, making it essential to study psychological correlates with the disorder. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of mindfulness, psychological hardiness and spirituality with depression in mothers.
Methods: The statistical population of this correlational study included all mothers aged 30 - 50 years in Isfahan in 2016 - 2017. To this end, 300 mothers were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection instruments were Mindfulness Skills Measures, Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire, Spirituality Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) were used.
Results: Mindfulness (-0.48), psychological hardiness (-0.39) and spirituality (-0.55) had a significant, inverse correlation with depression in mothers (P-value < 0.001). These components could significantly predict depression in mothers (P-value < 0.001).
Conclusion: Given the significant role of the subscales mindfulness, psychological hardiness and spirituality in predicting mothers' depression, it is suggested that the education of these components to mothers be taken into consideration to prevent the occurrence of depression.
 
Full-Text [PDF 374 kb]   (1050 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Social Health
Received: 2018/08/13 | Accepted: 2019/06/3 | Published: 2019/07/14

References
1. 1. Dear BF, Zou J, Titov N, et al. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A feasibility open trial for older adults. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;47(2):169-176. [DOI:10.1177/0004867412466154] [PMID]
2. Katon W, Lin EH, Kroenke K. The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2007;29(2):147-155. [DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.11.005] [PMID]
3. Ganji M. Psychological pathology based on DSM IV. Terhan: Savalan Publications; 2013. [Persian]
4. Sadook BJ, Sadook WA, Ruins P. Summary of psychiatry, behavioral sciences/ clinical psychiatry. [Translated by Farzin Reza'ie]. Tehran: Arjmand Publications; 2015. P:644. [Persian]
5. Avenevoli S, Swendsen J, He JP, Burstein M, Merikangas KR. Major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement: prevalence, correlates, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2015;54(1):37-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.010] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Kingston J, Chadwick P, Meron D, Skinner TC. A pilot randomized control trial investigating the effect of mindfulness practice on pain tolerance, psychological well-being, and physiological activity. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2007;62(3):297-300. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.10.007] [PMID]
7. Carmody J, Reed G, Kristeller J, Merriam P. Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2008;64(4):393-403. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.015] [PMID]
8. Emanuel AS, Updegraff JA, Kalmbach DA, Ciesla JA. The role of mindfulness facets in affective forecasting. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010;49(7):815-818. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.012]
9. Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DR, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Personality and Individual differences. 2009;46(2):94-99. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.008]
10. Leigh J, Bowen S, Marlatt GA. Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors. 2005;30(7):1335-1341. [DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.010] [PMID]
11. Siegel RD. The mindfulness solution: Everyday practices for everyday problems. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.
12. Howell AJ, Digdon NL, Buro K, Sheptycki AR. Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008;45(8):773-777. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.005]
13. Weinstein N, Brown KW, Ryan RM. A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality. 2009;43(3):374-385. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008]
14. Sariolghadam Z, Bakhshipour A, Hashemi T, Zahednejhad H. The role of hardiness in mediating negative effects of stress on memory function. Journal of Social Psychology (New Findings in Psychology). 2012;7(21):33-46.
15. Hamid N. Relationship between psychological hardiness, life satisfaction and hope with academic performance of pre-university female students. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2011;4(4):101-116.
16. Dehghani A, Kajbaf MB. The relationship between coping styles and hardiness among students. Knowledge and Health. 2013;8(3):112-118. [Persian]
17. Asli Azad M, Rajaei R, Farhadi T, Aghasi A, Shahidi L. Investigating the relationship between hardiness as well as resiliency and burnout aspects in the care givers of the physically, mentally and multiple retarded patients at the welfare organization in 2015. Community Health journal. 2016;10(2):24-32. [Persian]
18. Maddi SR, Harvey RH, Khoshaba DM, Fazel M, Resurreccion N. The personality construct of hardiness, IV: Expressed in positive cognitions and emotions concerning oneself and developmentally relevant activities. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 2009;49(3):292-305. [DOI:10.1177/0022167809331860]
19. Civitci N, Civitci A. Social comparison orientation, hardiness and life satisfaction in undergraduate students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;205:516-523. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.062]
20. Jowkar B, Kamali F. The relationship between spirituality and cognitive emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists). 2016;12(48):377-385. [Persian]
21. Dowling EM, Scarlett WG. Encyclopedia of religious and spiritual development. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; 2006.
22. Watts F. Emotional Regulation and Religion. In: Gross J. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2007. P:504-520.
23. Saroglou V, Muñoz García A. Individual differences in religion and spirituality: An issue of personality traits and/or values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2008;47(1):83-101. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00393.x]
24. Watts F, Nye R, Savage S. Psychology for Christian ministry. London: Routledge; 2002.
25. Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206. [DOI:10.1177/1073191104268029] [PMID]
26. Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment. 2006;13(1):27-45. [DOI:10.1177/1073191105283504] [PMID]
27. Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84(4):822. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822]
28. Buchheld N, Grossman P, Walach H. Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research. 2001;1(1):11-34.
29. Feldman GC, Hayes AM, Kumar SM, Greeson JM. Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale; 2004. [Unpublished]
30. Chadwick P, Hember M, Mead S, Lilley B, Dagnan D. Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the mindfulness questionnaire; 2005. [Unpublished]
31. Dehghan Manshadi Z, Taghavi MR, Dehghan Manshadi M. Psychometric characteristics of the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Journal of Clinical Psychology Andishe va Raftar. 2012;7(25):27-36. [Persian]
32. Ghaseri R, Sarandi P, Gholmohammad Nejad GR, Eyvaziyan F. The relational study of emotional intelligence and hardiness among teachers of Sarab city. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation. 2012;4(16):69-80. [Persian]
33. Kravetz S, Drory Y, Florian V. Hardiness and sense of coherence and their relation to negative affect. European Journal of Personality. 1993;7(4):233-244. [DOI:10.1002/per.2410070404]
34. Maddi SR, Khoshaba DM. Hardiness and mental health. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1994;63(2):265-274. [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa6302_6] [PMID]
35. Hall TW, Edwards KJ. The spiritual assessment inventory: A theistic model and measure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2002;41(2):341-357. [DOI:10.1111/1468-5906.00121]
36. Giovagnoli AR, Meneses RF, Da Silva AM. The contribution of spirituality to quality of life in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006;9(1):133-139. [DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.002] [PMID]
37. Bell M, Billington R, Becker B. A scale for the assessment of object relations: Reliability, validity, and factorial invariance. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1986;42(5):733-741. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198609)42:5<733::AID-JCLP2270420509>3.0.CO;2-C [DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198609)42:53.0.CO;2-C]
38. Ellison CW. Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 1983;11(4):330-338. [DOI:10.1177/009164718301100406]
39. Gorsuch RL, McPherson SE. Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1989:348-354. [DOI:10.2307/1386745]
40. Raskin R, Terry H. A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988;54(5):890-902. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890] [PMID]
41. Andrews G, Singh M, Bond M. The defense style questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1993; 181(4):246-256. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006] [PMID]
42. Fathi E, Farhadi T. The effectiveness of self-forgiveness group counseling based on Quranic concepts on depression in high school boy students. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education. 2016;12(3):109-126. [Persian]
43. Raesian AS, Golzari M, Borjali A. Effectiveness of hope therapy on reducing depressive symptoms and preventing of relapse in cure-seeker women with dependency to narcotic drugs. Research on Addiction. 2011;5(17):21-40. [Persian]
44. McCracken LM, Gauntlett-Gilbert J, Vowles KE. The role of mindfulness in a contextual cognitive-behavioral analysis of chronic pain-related suffering and disability. Pain. 2007;131:63-69. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.013] [PMID]
45. Galantino ML, Baime M, Maguire M, Szapary PO, Farrar JT. Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health‐care professionals during an 8‐week mindfulness meditation program: Mindfulness in practice. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 2005;21(4):255-261. [DOI:10.1002/smi.1062]
46. Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, et al. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport. 2005;16(17):1893-1897. [DOI:10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19] [PMID] [PMCID]
47. Bahadori E, Khayyer M, Samani S. The relationship between psychological hardiness with family flexibility and coping styles with stress. Journal of Psychological Models and Methods. 2012;2(7):1-18. [Persian]
48. Hayes SC, Wilson KG, Gifford EV, Follette VM, Strosahl K. Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;64(6):1152-1168. [DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152] [PMID]
49. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy. 2006;44(1):1-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006] [PMID]
50. Bond FW, Flaxman PE, Bunce D. The influence of psychological flexibility on work redesign: Mediated moderation of a work reorganization intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008;93(3):645-654. [DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.645] [PMID]
51. McCracken LM, Vowles KE, Eccleston C. Acceptance of chronic pain: component analysis and a revised assessment method. Pain. 2004;107:159-166. [DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.012] [PMID]
52. Ghobari Bonab B, Motavalipoor A, Habibi Asgarabadi M. Relationship between anxiety and depression and magnitude of spirituality in students of the University of Tehran. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2009;3(2):110-123. [Persian]
53. Springer RM, Weaver AJ, Linderblatt RC, et al. Spirituality, depression, and loneliness among Jewish seniors residing in New York City. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling. 2003;57(3):305-318. [DOI:10.1177/154230500305700306] [PMID]
54. Desrosiers A, Miller L. Relational spirituality and depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2007;63(10):1021-1037. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.20409] [PMID]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb