The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on the Quality of Life and Improvement of Syndrome in Women Suffering from Dysthymia اثربخشی موسیقی درمانی بر کیفیت زندگی و بهبود نشانگان زنان مبتلا به افسرده خویی 2 2 Background: Music therapy as a scientific approach plays an important role in the treatment of some psychopaths. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of music therapy on the quality of life and improvement of syndrome in women suffering from dysthymia. Methods: The research project was quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and control group. All the women suffering from dysthymia who approached to psychological clinics of Yazd in 2018 contained the statistical population of the study. 30 of them were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly categorized into experimental and control groups (15 persons). Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were filled before and after intervention by people. Music therapy has been experimented on experimental group for 4 weeks and during 1 month. The findings were analyzed by SPSS-21 and covariance analysis. Results: Findings showed that the scores of subjects in the variables of life quality were significantly different from those in the variables of syndrome development and music therapy had a significant effect on quality of life and the improvement of syndrome among women in experimental group. Conclusion: As a result, participating in music therapy sessions could increase the level of life quality and syndrome improvement among women suffering from dysthymia. 369 377 2019/03/10 1397/12/19 2019/07/29 1398/5/7 زهرا رحیمی Zahra Rahimi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran zahra.rahimi9508494@gmail.com علیرضا بخشایش Ali Reza Bakhshayesh Yazd University Iran abakhshayesh.yazd@gmail.com مریم صالح زاده Maryam Salehzadeh Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran n.salehzadeh@yazd.ac.ir Quality of Life Music Therapy Women Disorder Dysthymic 1. American psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington. Dc: American Psychiatric publishing. 2013. ##2. Shirinkar Z, Namdari K, Jamilian HR, Abedi A. The effect of forgiveness group therapy on depressive and rhubard symptoms in women with depressed. 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Psychological studies. 2015; 11(4): 7-21. [Persian]##8. Sheibani Tazarji F, Pakdaman S, Dadkhah A, Hasanzadeh Tavakoli MR. The effect of music therapy on Depression and loneliness in old people. Journal Iran’s elderly. 2010; 5(2): 54-60 [Persian].##9. Simmons-Sterna NR, Budson AE, Ally BA. Music as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology. 2010; 48(10): 3164-3167.##10. Hayashi A, Nagaoka M, Mizuno Y. Music therapy in Parkinson's disease: Improvement of parkinsonian gait and depression with rhythmic auditory stimulation. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2006; 12(2): 76.##11. Pool J, Odell-Miller H. Aggression in music therapy and its role in creativity with reference to personality disorder. The Arts in psychotherapy. 2011; 38(3): 169-177.##12. Koosha S, Varasteh AR. The effect of music therapy on improving women’s quality of life indices. [Speech] at: The first international conference on modern research in the field of educational sciences and psychology and social studies, 2016 Jun 25; Permanent Secretariat of the Conference, Qom, Iran. Qom; 2016:1-10. [Persian]##13. Jasemi M, Aazami S, Esmaili Zabihi R. The effects of music therapy on Anxiety and Depression of cancer patients. Journal of palliative care. 2016; 22(4): 455-458. [Persian] ##14. Asgari M, Makvandi B, Naderi F. The effect of music therapy on quality of life and self-efficacy of the elderly. [Speech] at: The first international conference on modern research in the humanities; 2015 Jun 22; Idea Managers Institute of the Vira Capital, Tehran, Iran. Tehran; 2015: 1-13. [Persian]##15. Gok Ugur H, Yaman Aktas Y, Orak OS, Saglambilen O, Aydin Avci I. The effect of music therapy on depression and physiological parameters in elderly people living in a Turkish nursing home: a randomized-controlled trial. Aging & Mental Health. 2017; 21(12): 1280-1286. ##16. Cathy M, Niels H. Music therapy’s effects on levels of depression, anxiety and social isolation in Mexican farmworkers living in the United States: A randomized controlled trial. The Arts in Psychotherapy. 2014; 41(1): 120-126. ##17. Chan MF, Wong ZY, Thayala NV. The effectiveness of music listening in reducing depressive symptoms in adults. 2011; 19(6): 332-348.##18. Guétin S, Soua B, Voiriot G, Picot MC, Hérisson C. The effect of music therapy on mood and anxiety-depression: An observational study in institutionalized patients with traumatic brain injury. Annals of physical and Rehabilitation medicine. 2009; 52(1): 30-40.##19. Esmaeili L, Pourabaian Esfahani MH, Dabbashi F. Effect of Music-Therapy on depression of chronic PTSD veterans. Quarterly of Iranian Journal of War & public Health. 2015; 7(2): 73-79. [Persian]##20. Jabal-Ameli A. The influences of different sectors of music on emotional moods of auditors [M.A Thesis]. Iran. Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan, Faculty of Education and Psychology; 2001. [Persian]##21. Okhovvat A. Iranian music and decorative arts. Journal of Fine Arts. 2004; 16: 101-111. [Persian]##22. Kasity M, Kasity J. Music therapy in psychiatry. Translated by: Zadehmohamadi A, Ghafarmalek Kh. Tehran: Shabahang; 2011. [Persian]##23. Nejat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie Naieni K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh S. Standard of the world health organization quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire: Translation and validation study of Iranian version. Journal of public Health and Institute public Health Research. 2006; 4(4): 1-12. [Persian]##24. Nasiri H, Hashemi L, Hosseini S. Assessing the quality of life of students in Shiraz University based on the quality of life of the World Health Organization. Mental Health. 2006; (3): 365-368. [Persian]##25. Beck AT, Beck RW. Screening depressed patients in family practice: A rapid technic. Postgraduate medicine. 1972; 52(6): 81-85.##26. Fata L, Birashk B, Atefvahid MK, Dabson KS. Meaning assignment structures/ schema, emotional states and cognitive processing of emotional information: comparing two conceptual frameworks. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2005; 11(3): 312-326. [Persian]##27. Rubbi I, Magnani D, Naldoni G, Di Lorenzo R, Cremonini V, Capucci P, et al. Efficacy of video-music therapy on quality of life improvement in a group of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a pre-post study. Acta Biomedical for Health Professions. 2016; 87(4): 30-37##28. Clift S, Hancox G, Morrison I, Hess B, Kreutz G, Stewart D. Choral singing and psychological wellbeing: Quantitative and qualitative findings from English choirs in a cross-national survey. Journal of Applied Arts and Health. 2010; 1(1): 19-34.##29. Hedayat F. Investigating the effectiveness of active group music therapy on decreasing positive and negative symptoms and improving the quality of life of patients with chronic schizophrenia. [M.A Thesis]. Iran. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology; 2014. [Persian]##30. Shakeri M, Parhoon H, Mohammadkhani SH, Hasani J, Parhoon K. Effectiveness of meta-cognitive therapy on depressive symptoms and quality of life of patients with major depression disorder. Journal of north Khorasan University. 2015; 7(2): 253-265. [Persian]##31. Zenati B, Felekar A. Effectiveness of the theme of body therapist, pacifier and instrument maker on emotion regulation, active flexibility and quality of life for divorced women. Journal of Human Sciences Research. 2018; 4(7): 473-504. [Persian]##32. Rozdar A, Mahmudian H, Peraye L, Ghulami haghighifard A. The effectiveness of narrative therapy on reducing the severity of depression symptoms and improving quality of life in depressed patients in Shiraz. Journal of psychology and educational sciences. 2016; 2(11): 35-44. [Persian]##33. Guetin S, Florence p, Gabelle A, Touchon J, Bonte F. Effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Alzheimers type dementia: randomized, controlled study. Alzheimers & Dementia. 2011; 28(1): 36-46.##34. Castillo-perez S, Gomez-perez V, Calvillo Velasco M, Perez-Campos E, Mayoral MA. Effects of music therapy on depression compared with psychotherapy. The Arts in psychotherapy. 2010; 37(5): 387-390.##35. Karimi S, Hosseini SE, Naziri GH. Effectiveness of group music therapy on agitated behaviors in elderlies with Alzheimer. Quarterly of the Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2016; 22(4): 275-281. [Persian]## ##

Sustained Remission from Drug Addiction among the Attendees of the Meetings of Anonymous Addicts and Rehabilitation Centers in Mashhad, Iran, During 2017 بهبودی پایدار ناشی از اعتیاد دارویی در میان شرکت کنندگان جلسات مراکز توانبخشی و معتادان گمنام در شهر مشهد در سال 2017 2 2 Background: Addiction is one of the most complex diseases of the century that for it's treatment various methods have been proposed. In this regard, one of the non-pharmacological methods with a profound effect on drug withdrawal involves the participation of addicted individuals in a 12-step anonymous addiction recovery program. The purpose of this study was to compare the sustained remission from drug addiction among individuals taking part in an anonymous recovery program and those attending a rehabilitation center for drug withdrawal. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 300 participants (150 individuals of the anonymous recovery program and 150 patients of the rehabilitation center) in Mashhad, Iran, using a random sampling technique. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts, namely demographic information and information related to sustained remission from drug addiction in the attendees of the two groups. Results: The obtained results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in term of withdrawal from drug abuse (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Addiction resumption occurred in 40.7, 48.4, and 10.9% of cases in the first, second, and third months, respectively. Regarding addiction relapses, 42% and 70% of patients in the rehabilitation and anonymous groups failed to accomplish the recovery, respectively. Regarding sustained remission from drug addiction among the investigated subjects, 40% of the cases in the anonymous addict group and 51.6% of individuals in the rehabilitation canter could persistently withdraw from drug abuse for more than 6 and 3 months, respectively. Accordingly, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sustained remission from drug addiction (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Conclusion: On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that attendance to anonymous addict meetings can be a useful strategy to continue the addiction withdrawal after the detoxification period. 378 384 2019/03/102018/10/28 1397/8/6 2019/07/292019/07/29 1398/5/7 زهرا آرامیده Zahra Aramideh Department of Nursing, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran z_aramideh@gmail.com فائزه صحبائی روی Faezeh Sahbaeiroy Department of Nursing, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran fsabaei@sbmu.ac.ir Continued Withdrawal Drug Addiction Meetings of Anonymous Addicts Addiction Dropout Camps 1. Roy DN, Goswami R. Drugs of abuse and addiction: A slippery slope toward liver injury. Chemico-biological interactions. 2016; 255: 92-105.##2. DiGangi JA, Majer JM, Mendoza L, Droege JR, Jason LA, Contreras R. What Promotes Wisdom in 12-Step Recovery?. Journal of groups in addiction & recovery. 2014; 9(1): 31-39.##3. Melchiorre MG, Chiatti C, Lamura G, Torres-Gonzales F, Stankunas M, Lindert J, et al. Social support, socio-economic status, health and abuse among older people in seven European countries. PloS one. 2013; 8(1): e54856.##4. Room R. The cultural framing of addiction. Expanding Addiction: Critical Essays: Routledge; 2014. p: 55-62.##5. Ghodrati Torbati A, Sahbaei F, Nabavi SJ, Zare M. Comparing continuity quit addiction time in participant persons and non participant persons in Narcotics Anonymous in City of Mashhad in 2012. Medical Sciences Journal. 2013; 23(3): 201-205. [Persian]##6. Tao R, Huang X, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li M. Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction. 2010; 105(3): 556-564.##7. World Health Organization. A strategy to halt and reverse the HIV epidemic among people who inject drugs in Asia and the Pacific 2010-2015. Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2010. Available at: URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/207058##8. Ranes B, Johnson R, Nelson L, Slaymaker V. The role of spirituality in treatment outcomes following a residential 12-Step program. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2017; 35(1): 16-33.##9. Huỳnh C, Nguiˆ AN, Kairouz S, Lesage A, Fleury MJ. Factors associated with high use of general practitioner and psychiatrist services among patients attending an addiction rehabilitation center. BMC psychiatry. 2016; 16(1): 258.##10. White W. Spirituality and addiction recovery: an interview with Ernie Kurtz. Advances in Addiction & Recovery. 2014; 2: 22-29.##11. Alaghemandan H, Darab MG, Khorasani E, Namazi E, Maniyan MH, Barati M. Personality Traits and Their Relationship to Demographic Features in Addicts Referring to a Drug Rehabilitation Center in the City of Isfahan, Iran. Iranian journal of public health. 2015; 44(4): 551-560.##12. Mokhber N, Asgharipour N, Bananaj A. Frequency of harmful behaviors in patients who are suffering from substances abuse. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction. 2012; 1(3): 132-136.##13. Nastizayi N, Hezareh Moghadam M, Mollazehi A. The study of factors for recurred addiction from the view of self-introduced addicts to the addiction abandonment centers of zahedan. Journal of Urmia Nursing And Midwifery Faculty. 2010; 8(3): 169-174. [Persian]##14. Tarrahi MJ, Ansari H, Heydari K, Sharhani A, Akrami R, Holakouie Naeini K. Viewpoint of Care Providers and Self-Reported Substance Drug Addicts Referring to Withdrawal Centers About Etiology of Re-Addiction in Khoramabad, 2010. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 12(4): 299-308.##15. McLellan AT, Lewis DC, O'brien CP, Kleber HD. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Jama. 2000; 284(13): 1689-1695.##16. Donovan DM, Ingalsbe MH, Benbow J, Daley DC. 12-step interventions and mutual support programs for substance use disorders: an overview. 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Comparing Emotion Cognitive Regulation, Alexithymia and Neuropsychological Skills among Teenagers with Type-1 Diabetes and Healthy Ones مقایسه نظم‌جویی شناختی هیجان، ناگویی هیجانی و مهارت‌های عصب-روان‌شناختی در بین نوجوانان مبتلا به دیابت نوع یک و نوجوانان غیرمبتلا 2 2 Background: The emergence of chronic physiologic diseases in the people causes their mental health damage. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare emotion cognitive regulation, alexithymia and neuropsychological skills among teenagers with type-1 diabetes and healthy ones. Methods: This was a causal-comparative method. The statistical population included teenagers with type-1 diabetes and healthy ones in the city of Rasht in 2016. The sample size was 100 teenagers with type-1 diabetes and 100 healthy ones who were selected through convenient sampling method. The applied questionnaires included alexithymia questionnaire, emotion cognitive regulation and neuropsychological skills questionnaire. After collecting questionnaires and extracting raw data, the data analysis was done through two-group independent sample t-test. Results: The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between emotion cognitive regulation, alexithymia and neuropsychological skills among students with type-2 diabetes and healthy ones (p < 0.0001) in a way that the teenagers with type-1 diabetes have lower emotion cognitive regulation and neuropsychological skills and higher alexithymia than healthy ones. Conclusion: According to the findings, teenagers with type-1 diabetes have lower emotion cognitive regulation and neuropsychological skills and higher alexithymia due to treatment and psychological involvement in their sickness; so, there needs to use treatments related to these components such as mindfulness and acceptance and commitment treatment to improve them. 385 392 2019/03/102018/10/282018/10/25 1397/8/3 2019/07/292019/07/292019/09/24 1398/7/2 فاطمه مهری نیا Fatemeh Mehrinia Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Iran fatemeh.mehrinia@gmail.com لیلا شکری Leila Shokri Department of Psychology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Iran Shokri.leyla@Gmail.com Emotion Cognitive Regulation Neuropsychological Skills Alexithymia Type-1 Diabetes 1. Wang C, Li L, Wang L, Ping Z, Flory MT, Wang G, et al. Evaluating the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus using artificial neural network: an effective classification approach. Diabetes research and Clinical Practice. 2013; 100(1):111-118.##2. Baquedano IR, Santos MA, Martins TA, Zanetti ML. Self-care of patients with diabetes mellitus cared for at an emergency service in Mexico. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem. 2010; 18(6):1195-1202.##3. Hordern MD, Dunstan DW, Prins JB, Baker MK, Singh MA, Coombes JS. Exercise Prescription for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-diabetes: a Position Statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2012; 15(1): 25-31##4. Sato E, Ohsawa IS, Kataoka J, Miwa MI, Tsukagoshi FU, Sato JU, et al. Socio-psychological problems of patients with late teenager onset type 1 diabetes-analysis by qualitative research. Nagoya journal of medical science. 2003; 66(1/2): 21-30.##5. Mishalia M, Omer H, Heymann AD. The importance of measuring self-efficacy in patients with diabetes. Family Practice. 2011; 28(1): 82-87.##6. Mahmoud Alilou M, Asbaghi M, Narimani M, Agamohammadzadeh N. Relationship between personality characteristics with self-care behavior and consequences of treatment in patients with Diabetes. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2014; 2(3): 77-85. [Persian]##7. Ghiasvand M, Ghorbani M. Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training in Improving Emotion Regulation Strategies and Control Glycemic in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2015; 17(4): 299-307. [Persian]##8. Hasani J, Shahmoradifar T. Effectiveness of Process Emotion Regulation Strategy Training in Difficulties in Emotion Regulation. Journal of Military Medicine. 2016; 18(1): 339-346. [Persian]##9. Rottenberg J, Gross JJ. When emotion goes wrong: realizing the promise of affective science. Clinical Psychology: Science and practice. 2007; 10(2): 227-232.##10. Garnefski N, Teerds J, Kraaij V, Legerstee J, Van den Kommer T. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms:differences between males and females. Personality and individual differences. 2004; 36(2): 267-276.##11. Kraaij V, Van Emmerik A, Garnefski N, Schroevers MJ, Lo-Fo- Wong D, Van EP, et al. Effects of a cognitive behavioral self-help program and a computerized structured writing intervention on depressed mood for HIV-infected people: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling. 2010; 80(2): 200-204.##12. Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2019; 25: 6-10.##13. Picardi A, Toni A, Caroppo A. Stability of alexithymia and its relationships with the big five factors, temperament, character and attachment style. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2005; 74(6): 371-378.##14. Thorberg FA, Young RM. Sullivan KA, Lyvers M. Parental bonding and alexithymia: A meta analysis. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(3): 187-193.##15. Shimura A, Takaesu Y, Nakai Y, Murakoshi A, Ono Y, Matsumoto Y, et al. Childhood parental bonding affects adulthood trait anxiety through self-esteem. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2017; 74: 15-20.##16. Khalid A, Qadir F, Chan SW, Schwannauer M. Parental bonding and teenagers’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 228: 60-67.##17. Swart M, Kortekaas R, Aleman A. Dealing with feelings: Characterizations of trait alexithymia on emotion regulation strategies and cognitive–emotional processing. Plos one. 2009; 4(6): e5751.##18. Schuur M, Henneman P, Van Swieten JC, Munshi M, Grand L, Hayes M. Insulin-resistance and metabolic syndrome are related to executive function in women in a large family-based study. European journal of epidemiology. 2010; 25(8): 561-568.##19. Ishizawa KT, Kumano H, Sato A, Sakura H, Iwamoto Y. Decreased response inhibition in middle-aged male patients with type 2 diabetes. Bio Psychosocial medicine. 2010; 4(1): 1-10.##20. Locascio G, Mahone EM, Eason SH, Cuttin LE. Executive dysfunction among children with reading comprehension deficits. Journal of learning disabilities. 2010; 43(5): 441-454.##21. Semrud-clikeman M, Ellison PA. Child neuropsychology: Assessment and intervention for neurodevelopment disorders. New York: Springer. 2007.##22. Smith E. Comparing behavior and neuropsychological functioning using NEPSY and BASC-2 scores in a mixed clinical sample. [Doctoral dissertation]. America: Texas Woman's University. 2010.##23. Nyroos M, Wiklund-Hornqvist C, Lofgren K. Executive function skills and their importance in education: Swedish student teachers’ perceptions. Thinking Skills and Creativity. 2018; 27: 1-12.##24. Delavare A. Research Methodology in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran: Virayesh Publication. 2009. [Persian] ##25. Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003; 85(2): 348-362.##26. Soleimani A, Habibi Y. Soleimani A. The Relationship between Emotion Regulation and Resilience with Psychological Well-Being in Students. School Psychology Journal. 2015; 3 (4): 51-72. [Persian]##27. Mohammadi H, Mosavi V. Comparison of Emotional Regulation and Self-Control in Children with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2015; 2(2): 21-33. [Persian] ##28. Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale-I: item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1994; 38(1): 23-32.##29. Shahgholian M, Moradi E, Kafee M. Relationship between alexithymia with students' emotion and general health styles. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2007; 13(3): 238-248. [Persian]##30. Jadidi M, Abedi A. Adaptation and standardization of O'Conner Neuropsychological Questionnaire in 5-14-year-old children in Isfahan. 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The Effect of Compassion-Based Counseling on Marital Intimacy of Conflicted Couples تاثیر مشاوره مبتنی بر شفقت بر صمیمیت زناشویی زوجین متعارض 2 2 Background: The occurrence of marital conflicts decreases the quality of communication between couples and marital intimacy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of compassion-based counseling on marital intimacy of conflicted couples in Isfahan. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population included all couples referring to Isfahan counseling centers in 1396. The sample size was 30 couples who were selected by purposive non-random sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention group received compassion-based counseling intervention for 8 sessions which lasted an hour and a half for 2 months. Then, subjects in both groups were examined. The instruments used were the marital conflict questionnaire and marital intimacy questionnaire. After collecting the questionnaires and extracting the raw data, data were analyzed by SPSS (version 23) using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis. Results: The results showed that compassion-based counseling had a significant effect on the marital intimacy of couples in the post-test phase (P < 0.0001). This treatment could increase the marital intimacy of conflicted couples. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that compassion-based therapy using techniques such as mindfulness training, empathy, and sympathy for oneself and managing difficult emotions can enhance the marital intimacy of the conflicted couples. In this regard, compassion-based therapy can be used as an effective treatment to increase the marital intimacy of conflicted couples. 393 401 2019/03/102018/10/282018/10/252019/01/11 1397/10/21 2019/07/292019/07/292019/09/242019/11/11 1398/8/20 مریم زاهدی Maryam Zahedi Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Khomein Branch, Khomein, Iran Iran Maryam.z20182018@gmail.com Compassion-Based Counseling Marital Intimacy Marital Conflicts 1. Bayerman S, Kleverson E. Family therapy and Self Differentiation in women with and without mental disorders. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 2 (11): 223-232.##2. Wilson SJ, Andridge R, Peng J, Bailey BE, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Thoughts after marital conflict and punch biopsy wounds: Age-graded pathways to healing. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017; 85: 6-13.##3. Osarenren N, Nwadinigwe P, Anyama S. The impact of marital conflicts on the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies. 2013; 4(2): 320-326.##4. Onsy E, Amer MM. Attitudes Toward Seeking Couples Counseling among Egyptian Couples: Towards a Deeper Understanding of Common Marital Conflicts and Marital Satisfaction. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 140: 470-475.##5. Feeney JA, Karantzas GC. Couple conflict: insights from an attachment perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2017: 13: 60-64.##6. Hawkins DN, Booth A. Unhappily Ever After: Effects of long-term, low-quality marriages on well-being. Social Forces. 2005; 84(1): 451-471.##7. Markman HJ. Preventing marital distress through communication and conflict management training. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1993; 61: 70-77.##8. Baucom BR, Sheng E, Christensen A, Georgiou PG, Narayanan SS, Atkins DC. Behaviorally-based couple therapies reduce emotional arousal during couple conflict. Behavior Research and Therapy. 2015; 72: 49-55.##9. Kaslow FW. Divorce: An evolutionary process of change in family system. Journal of Divorce. 1984; 7(3): 21- 39.##10. Leifker RF, White KH, Blandon AW, Marshall AD. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms impact the emotional experience of intimacy during couple discussions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2015; 29: 119-127.##11. Bagarozzi DA. Increase intimacy in marriage. Translation by Hamid Atashpour and Ozra Etemadi. Isfahan: Khorasgan Azad University Press. 2006. [Persian]##12. Hamamci Z. Dysfunctional relationship beliefs in marital satisfaction and adjustment. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 2005; 33(4): 313-328.##13. March AL. Sexuality and Intimacy in the Older Adult Woman. Nursing Clinics of North America. 2018; 53(2): 279-287.##14. Canavarro MC, Silva S, Moreira H. Is the link between posttraumatic growth and anxious symptoms mediated by marital intimacy in breast cancer patients?. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2015; 19(6): 693-679.##15. Trudel G, Goldfarb MR. Marital and sexual functioning and dysfunctioning, depression and anxiety. Sexologies. 2010; 19(3): 137-142.##16. Bluth K, Eisenlohr-Moul TA. Response to a mindful self-compassion intervention in teens: A within-person association of mindfulness, self-compassion, and emotional well-being outcomes. Journal of Adolescence. 2017; 57: 108-118.##17. Tanenbaum ML, Adams RN, Gonzalez JS, Hanes SJ, Hood KK. Adapting and validating a measure of diabetes-specific self-compassion. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2017; 33(10): 1540-1541.##18. Wang X, Chen Z, Poon K, Teng F, Jin S. Self-compassion decreases acceptance of own immoral behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017; 106: 329-333.##19. Elaine BCJ, Hollins M. Exploration of a training programmer for student therapists that employs Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) to develop compassion for self and others. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 2016; 22: 5-13.##20. Batista R, Cunha M, Galhardo A, Couto M, Massano-Cardoso I. Psychological Adjustment to Lung Cancer: the Role of Self-compassion and Social Support. European Psychiatry. 2015; 30: 28-32.##21. Gilbert P, Irons C. Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy, London: Routledge; 2005. P: 263-325.##22. Wren A, Somers J, Melissa AW, Goetz MC, Leary MR, Fras AM, et al. Self compassion in patients with persistent musculoskeletal pain: Relationship of self-compassion to adjustment to persistent. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 2012; 43(4): 759-770.##23. Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality. 2007; 41(1): 139-154.##24. Raes F. Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences. 2010; 48(6): 757-761.##25. Smeets E, Neff K, Alberts H, Peters M. Meeting suffering with kindness: effects of a brief self-compassion intervention for female college students. Journal of clinical psychology. 2014; 70(9): 794-807. ##26. Kyeong LW. Self-compassion as a moderator of the relationship between academic burn-out and psychological health in Korean cyber university students. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013; 54(8): 899-902.##27. Ajam AA, Farzanfar J, Shokohi Fard H. The Role of Self-Compassion in the General Health and Academic Achievement of the Nursing and Midwifery Students in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Journal of Nursing Education. 2017; 5(5): 9-16.##28. Motahari Z, Behzadpour S, Sohrabi F. Explaining the Level of Marital Conflict Based on Excitement and Resilience in Couples. Women's Magazine and Family Studies. 2013; 5 (20): 105-122. [Persian]##29. Oliya N, Fatehizadeh M, Bahrami F. The Impact of Marital Life Enrichment Training on Increasing Couple Intimacy, Family Research Quarterly, 2006; 6 (2): 119-134. [Persian]##30. Jaberi S, Etemadi E, Ahmadi SA. Investigation of Structural Relationship between Communication Skills and Marital Intimacy. Journal of Researches of Cognitive and Behavioral Science. 2015; 5(2): 143-152. [Persian] ##31. Neff K. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity. 2003; 2(2): 85- 102.##32. Yarnell LM, Neff KD. Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity. 2013; 12(2): 146-159. ##33. Pace TD, Negi LT, Adame DD, Cole SP, Sivilli TI, Brown TD, et al. Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34(1): 87-98.##34. Kemppainen J, Johnson MO, Phillips JC, et al. A multinational study of self compassion and human immunodeficiency virus-related anxiety. International Nursing Review. 2013; 60(4): 477-486.## ##

The Effect of Self-Care Training on Cognitive Distortions in Volunteer Instructors of Sexual Education to Children اثربخشی آموزش خودمراقبتی روی تحریف شناختی در معلمان داوطلب آموزش جنسی به کودکان 2 2 Background: Unfamiliarity with the process of self-care training and sexual education can make sexual education volunteer instructors stressful and create incorrect attitudes for them. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-care training on cognitive distortions in volunteer instructors of sexual education to children. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all individuals who volunteered to take part in the courses of instructor training on sexual self-care skills and sexual education. These courses were held by the Civil Society Forum for Child Rights in 2018. Among the volunteers, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling and were randomly replaced into the interventional (15 individuals) and control (15 individuals) groups. The questionnaire of cognitive distortions was used to collect the required information and the collected data were analyzed via ANCONA by SPSS23. Results: The results showed that self-care training was effective on cognitive distortions of volunteer instructors of sexual education to children (P < 0.001). In other words, this training decreased cognitive distortions of the volunteers. The effect of this training on cognitive distortion was 78%. Conclusion: According to the Results, self-care training can decrease cognitive distortions of the volunteers by employing concepts such as training technique of stopping anxieties, principles of positive and optimistic thoughts, nurturing healthy personality, and raising self-awareness. As a result, they can show higher efficiency in training sexual safety to children. 402 409 2019/03/102018/10/282018/10/252019/01/112019/07/17 1398/4/26 2019/07/292019/07/292019/09/242019/11/112019/10/20 1398/7/28 شیما حاج ایریلو Shima Hajiriloo Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran shima.iriloo@gmail.com الهه خوشنویس Elaheh khoshnevis Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran Elaheh.khoshnevis@gmail.com سیما قدرتی Sima Ghodrati Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran Sima.ghodrati17@yahoo.com Self-care training Cognitive distortions Sexual education volunteer 1. Anderson RE, Edwards L, Silver KE, Johnson DM. Intergenerational transmission of child abuse: Predictors of child abuse potential among racially diverse women residing in domestic violence shelters. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2018; 85: 80-90.##2. Mark CA, Poltavski DV, Petros T, King A. Differential executive functioning in young adulthood as a function of experienced child abuse. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2019; 135: 126-135.##3. Doll B. Populations at Special Health Risk: Children: Children's Mental Health Services. International Encyclopedia of Public Health (Second Edition). 2017; 541-547. Available at; URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785003404##4. Taylor LE, Harris HS. Stewards of children education: Increasing undergraduate nursing student knowledge of child sexual abuse. Nurse Education Today. 2018; 60: 147-150.##5. Pop MV, Rusu AS. The Role of Parents in Shaping and Improving the Sexual Health of Children – Lines of Developing Parental Sexuality Education Programmers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 209: 395-401.##6. Schluter MG, Kim HS, Poole JC, Hodgins DC, McGrath DS, Dobson KS, et al. Gambling-related cognitive distortions mediate the relationship between depression and disordered gambling severity. Addictive Behaviors. 2019; 90: 318-323.##7. Caouette GD, Guyer AE. Cognitive distortions mediate depression and affective response to social acceptance and rejection. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016; 190: 792-799.##8. Goldin PA, Manber-ball T, Werner K, Heimberg R, Gross JJ. Neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal of negative self-beliefs in social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2009; 66(7): 1091-1099.##9. Samawati T. The Effectiveness of self-care education (focused on sexual education) on emotional regulation and early maladaptive schemas of teenage girls in Tehran. [Master's thesis]. Azad University of Tehran West. 2018. [Persian]##10. Aghakhani N, sanaie K, Baghaei R, Khademvatan K. The Impact of Educational- Supportive Self-Care Package on Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Myocardial Infarction Patients Hospitalized In Shahid Gholipour Hospital, Boukan, Iran. Journal Urmia Nurse Midwifery Fac. 2017; 15(4): 281-291. [Persian]##11. Shams S, Moradi Y, Zaker MR. Effectiveness of self-care training on physical and mental health of patients with diabetic type 2. Avicenna Journal Nurse Midwifery care, 2017; 25(2): 54-60. [Persian]##12. Chen AMH, Cailor S, Franz T, Fox N, Thornton P, Norfolk ML. Development and validation of the self-care counseling rubric (SCCR) to assess student self-care counseling skills. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. 2019; 11(8): 774-781.##13. Miller JJ, Cooley M, Owens L, Fletcher JD, Moody S. Self-care practices among foster parents: An exploratory study. Children and Youth Services Review. 2019; 98: 206-212.##14. Miller JJ, Donohue-Dioh J, Niu C, Grise-Owens E, Poklembova Z. Examining the self-care practices of child welfare workers: A national perspective. Children and Youth Services Review. 2019; 99: 240-245.##15. Khoshnevis E, Sattari S. Self-care education a way to prevent abuse and sexual abuse of children (A word with mothers, fathers, teachers and instructors). Tehran: Sales Publication. 2019. [Persian]##16. Greene KM, Hynes K, Doyle EA. Self-care among school-aged children of immigrants. Children and Youth Services Review. 2011; 33(5): 783-789.##17. Atherton OE, Schofield TJ, Sitka A, Conger RD, Robins RW. Unsupervised self-care predicts conduct problems: The moderating roles of hostile aggression and gender. Journal of Adolescence, 2016; 48: 1-10.##18. Rabie T, Klopper HC. Guidelines to facilitate self-care among older persons in South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid. 2015; 20(1): 33-44.##19. Sarmad Z, Bazargan A, Hejazi E. Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences, Tehran: Agah publication. 2013. [Persian]##20. Farmani-shahreza SH, Bahmani B, Ghaedniay-jahromi A. The Effect of Cognitive-Existential Therapy on Cognitive Distortions in Women with HIV: A Single-Subject Study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing (IJPN). 2017; 5(3): 48-57. [Persian]## ##

Effectiveness of Spirituality Therapy on Social Stigma and Worry in the Mothers of the Children with Autism اثربخشی معنویت درمانی بر داغ اجتماعی و نگرانی مادران کودکان مبتلا به اتیسم 2 2 Background: The children’s acute and chronic psychological and physical diseases cause their mothers’ mental health. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of spirituality therapy on social stigma and worry in the mothers of the children with autism. Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included the mothers of the children with autism visiting the autism centers in the city of Isfahan in the last three months of the lunar year 1396. Convenient sampling method and random replacement were used in the present study in a way that 40 mothers were selected from the ones with children with autism and they were randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (20 in each group). The experimental group received eight ninety-minute sessions of spirituality therapy interventions during two months. The applied questionnaires included Social Stigma Questionnaire and Worry Questionnaire. The data of the study were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS 23. Results: Results showed that spirituality therapy has influenced social stigma (f = 18.81, P < 0.0001) and worry (f = 24.84, P < 0.0001) in the mothers of the children with autism. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that spirituality therapy using techniques such as knowing values and deep belief in God can decrease social stigma and worry in the mothers of the children with autism 410 418 2019/03/102018/10/282018/10/252019/01/112019/07/172018/10/26 1397/8/4 2019/07/292019/07/292019/09/242019/11/112019/10/202019/11/11 1398/8/20 فهیمه موسوی نجفی Fahimeh Mosavi Najafi Faculty of Education & Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran Iran yegan1381@yahoo.com فاطمه رسولی جزی Fatemeh Rasoli Jazi Faculty of Education & Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran Iran nasrinrasouli57@yahoo.com Autistic Disorder Social Stigma Spirituality Therapy Test Anxiety Scale Mothers 1. Aali S, Aim yazdi SA, Abdkhodae M, Ghanaee A, Moharari F. Developmental Function of Families with Autism Spectrum Disorder children compared with families with healthy children. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2015; 58(1): 32-41. [Persian]##2. Ganji H. Psychopathology based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Tehran: Savalan Publications. 2013. [Persian]##3. Anderson DK, Maye MP, Lord C. Changes in maladaptive behaviors from mid childhood to young adulthood in autism spectrum disorder. American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities. 2011; 116 (5): 381-397. ##4. Chugani DC,Chugani HT, Wiznitzer M, Parikh S, Evans PA, Hansen RL, et al. Efficacy of Low-Dose Buspirone for Restricted and Repetitive Behavior in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Trial. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2016; 170: 45-53.##5. Scherf KS, Elbich D, Minshew N, Behrmanne M. Individual differences in symptom severity and behavior predict neural activation during face processing in adolescents with autism. Neuroimaging: Clinical. 2015; 7: 53-67.##6. Osborne LA, Reed P. Stress and self-perceived parenting behaviors of parents of children with autistic spectrum conditions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010; 49(3): 405-414.##7. Kirk E, Sharma S. Mind-mindedness in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2017; 43: 18-26.##8. Estes A, Munson J, Dawson G, Kohler E, Zhou XH, Abbott R. Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism. 2009; 13(4): 375-387.##9. Brobst JB, Clopton JR, Hendrick SS. Parenting children with autism spectrum disorders: The couple’s relationship. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. 2009; 24(1): 38-49.##10. Dabrowska A, Pisula E. Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2010; 54(3): 266-280.##11. Davis NO, Carter AS. Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2008; 38(7): 1278-1291.##12. Timmons L, Ekas NV. Giving thanks: Findings from a gratitude intervention with mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2018; 49: 13-24.##13. Benderix Y, Nordstorm B, Sivberg B. Parents’ experience of having a child with autism and learning disabilities living in a group home. Autism. 2006; 10(6): 629-641.##14. Keen D, Couzens A, Muspratt S, Rodger S. The effects of a parent focused intervention for children with a recent diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on parenting stress and competence. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2010; 4(2): 229-241.##15. Manago B, Davis JL, Goar C. Discourse in Action: Parents’ use of medical and social models to resist disability stigma. Social Science & Medicine. 2017; 184: 169-177.##16. Aydemir N, Ozkara Ç, Unsal P, Canbeyli R. A comparative study of health related quality of life, psychological well-being, impact of illness and stigma in epilepsy and migraine. Seizure. 2011; 20: 679-685.##17. Jacoby A. Epilepsy and stigma: an update and critical review. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 2008; 8(4): 339-44.##18. Berjis M, Hakim JM, Taher M, Gholamali Lavasani M, Hossein Khanzadeh A. Comparison of worry, hope and meaning of life in mothers of children with autism, hearing loss and learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2013; 3 (1): 6-27. [Persian]##19. Davey GC, Wells A. Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. London: Wiley Publication; 2006.##20. Hajcak G, McDonald N, Simons RF. Anxiety and error related brain activity. Biological Psychology. 2003; 64(1-2): 77-90.##21. Jimenez-Fonseca P, Lorenzo-Seva U, Ferrando PJ, Carmona-Bayonas A, Beato C, García T, et al. The mediating role of spirituality (meaning, peace, faith) between psychological distress and mental adjustment in cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2018; 26(5): 1411-1418.##22. Sajadi M, Niazi N, Khosravi S, Yaghobi A, Rezaei M, Koenig HG. Effect of spiritual counseling on spiritual well-being in Iranian women with cancer: A randomized clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2018; 30: 79-84.##23. Mahdavi B, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Mohammadi F, Hosseini MA, Haghi M. Effects of Spiritual Group Therapy on Caregiver Strain in Home Caregivers of the Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2017; 31(3): 269-273.##24. Ahmadi SH, Asadi E, Amini Z, Kazerooni N, Kazami H. The causal model of relation between religious attitude, hopelessness, and depression in students. Presented at 13th European Congress of Psychology. 2013.##25. Ellison CG, Burdette AM, Hill TD. Blessed assurance: religion, anxiety, and tranquility among US adults. Social Science Research. 2009; 38(3): 656-667.##26. Paukert AL, Phillips L, Cully JA, Loboprabhu SM, Lomax JW, Stanley MA. Integration of religion into cognitive-behavioral therapy for geriatric anxiety and depression. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®. 2009; 15(2): 103-112.##27. Richards P, Bergin AE. Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling and psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2004.##28. Griffith JL. Religion that heals, religion that harms: a guide for clinical practice. New York: The Guilford Press. 2010.##29. Rezaei Dehnavi S, Noori A, Jafari M, Faramarzi S. Investigating the Stigma Phenomenon in Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome in Isfahan, A Psychosocial Approach. Journal of Family Studies, 2010; 5(19):401-416. [Persian]##30. Galle Girian S. Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Stigma (Social Hot) with Psychological Tolerance and Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Physical Disabilities. . [ma Thesis]. Iran. Islamic Azad University. Isfahan Research Sciences Branch. Isfahan. Iran; 2013. [Persian]##31. Dehshiri GR, Golzari M, Borjali A, Sohrabi F. Psychometrics Particularity of Farsi Version of Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire for College Students. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2009; 1(4): 67-75. [Persian]##32. Taghizadeh M, Miralaei M. The Effectiveness of Group Spiritual Therapy on Resilience of Women with Multiple Sclerosis in Isfahan. Journal of Health Psychology. 2013; 2(7): 82-102. [Persian]## ##

Implications of Ethnography Research Method in Educational and Health Studies دلالت های روش پژوهش مردم نگاری در مطالعات آموزشی و سلامت 2 2 Background: Studies in educational and health areas are sometimes accompanied by the adoption of a qualitative research approach. Qualitative research claims to achieve natural and first-hand data in a variety of ways. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was to explain the implications of ethnography research method in educational and health settings. Methods: An analytical-deductive method was used. However, analysis of the research experiences of the authors of the paper were proceed to reach the aim of the study. Accordingly, the reliable sources as well as the background studies of the researchers were used and analyzed. Results: The findings showed that ethnography in education can provide insights into in-depth analysis of the beliefs, values, and experiences about the academic trends. Also, ethnography in health researches can lead to improving health care processes, modifying high-risk behaviors, timely prevention, managing stress in the face of illnesses, emphasizing sensitivity of local communities, health knowledge creation and, in general, influencing the entire health programs in societies. Conclusion: Given the importance of ethnography method in obtaining first-hand and in-depth results, it is recommended to provide more awareness about the effectiveness of the method, and more attention to its implementation among the research projects both in educational and health research areas. 419 427 2019/03/102018/10/282018/10/252019/01/112019/07/172018/10/262019/04/8 1398/1/19 2019/07/292019/07/292019/09/242019/11/112019/10/202019/11/112019/09/24 1398/7/2 مریم کیان Maryam Kian Department of Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran kian2011@yazd.ac.ir دنیس بیچ Dennis Beach Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sweden Education Health Qualitative Approach Ethnography Research Method 1. Flick U. Income on Qualitative Research Method. Translator Hadi Jalili. Tehran: Ney Publications; 2009. [Persian]##2. Goodson L, Vassar M. An overview of ethnography in healthcare and medical education research. Journal of educational evaluation for health professions. 2011; 8(4): 1-12.##3. Leung WC. Why is evidence from ethnographic and discourse research needed in medical education: the case of problem-based learning. Medical Teacher. 2002; 24(2): 169-172.##4. Rice PL, Ezzy D. Qualitative research methods: a health focus. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999. P: 291.##5. Sarantakos S. Social Research. Brisbane: MacMillan Education; 1993. P: 123.##6. Geertz C. The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.1973. P: 164.##7. Porter S. Critical Realist Ethnography: The Case of Racism and Professionalism in a Medical Setting. Sociology. 1993; 27(4): 591-609.##8. Kian M. Comparative study: an ethnographic analysis of citizenship and academic culture. Tehran: Jahad Publishing House, Kharazmi Branch; 2015. [Persian]##9. Beach D, Fritzche B. The Effects of Individualizing Trends in the Swedish Education System: A Meta-Ethnography. Journal of Pedagogy. 2018; 64(2): 198-214.##10. Kian M. Culture of Learning and Teaching: A Perspective on the E-Learning Environment at the University. Yazd: Yazd University Press; 2014. [Persian]##11. Jerald CD. School Culture: The Hidden Curriculum. The center for comprehensive school reform and improvement. Available at: www.centerforcsri.org. Accessed Feb 2, 2018.##12. Peterson K, Deal TE. How leaders influence the culture of schools. Educational leadership. 1998; 56(1): 28-31.##13. Geertz C. Knowledge L. Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. 3rd ed. New York; Basic Books; 1983. P: 87.##14. Clark BR. The Academic Life. Small Worlds, Different Worlds. A Carnegie Foundation Special Report. 1987; Available at:http://files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/ ED299902.pdf.##15. University of Leicester, UK. Ethnography for Healthcare Improvement. 2019; Available at: https:// www2.le.ac.uk › health-sciences › research › soc-sci › news › articles. Accessed 4 Jan, 2019. ##16. Luciani M, Jack SM, Campbell K, Orr E, Durepos P, Li L, et al. Introduction to Qualitative Health Research. Nursing Professions. 2019; 72(1): 60-68.##17. Rashid M, Hodgson CS, Luig, T. Ten tips for conducting focused ethnography in medical education research. Medical Education Online. 2019; 24(1). Available at:URL:https://www. tandfonline. com/doi/full/10.1080/ 10872981. 2019. 1624133##18. Lander B, Balka E. Exploring How Evidence is used in Care through an Organizational Ethnography of Two Teaching Hospitals. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2019; 21(3): e10769.##19. Iedema R, Carroll K, Collier A, Hor SY, Mesman J, Wyer M. Video-Reflexive Ethnography in Health Research and Healthcare Improvement: Theory and Application. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2018. P: 123.##20. Kor N, Joybari L, Sanagoo A. Health Beliefs and Home Treatments of Turkmen People in Golestan Province. Journal of Jenta Shapir. 2012; 2 (4): 157-164. ##21. Shafati M, Zahedi MJ. Physician-Patient Relationship: Ethnography of Multiple Patient Visits at Private Offices of Doctors. Journal of Qualitative Research Health Sciences. 2013; 2 (1): 46-61. [Persian]##22. Zeighami R, Parvizi S, Seyed Fatemi N. Auto ethnography: a new research method in nursing Journal of Qualitative Research Health Sciences. 2012; 1 (1):8-14. [Persian]##23. Hammersley M. Classroom Ethnography: Empirical and Methodological Essays, Buckingham: Open University Press; 1990. P: 124. ##24. Travers, M. The Reality of Law: Work and Talk in a Firm of Criminal Lawyers. Suffolk: Ashgate; 1997. P: 147. ##25. Probert A. Searching for an Appropriate Research Design: A Personal Journey. Journal of Research Practice. 2006; 2 (1): 1-15.##26. Spreadley JC, McCourdie D. Cultural Research: Ethnography in Advanced Societies. Translator: Buick Mohammadi. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies; 2012. [Persian]##27. Latour B. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor–Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. P: 46. ##28. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications Inc; 1985. P: 92. ##29. Have PT. Understanding Qualitative Research and Ethnography, London: Sage; 2004. P: 65. ##30. Hammersley M, Atkinson P. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routlage; 2007. P: 117.##31. Beach D, Bagley C, da Silva SM. Ethnography of Education: Thinking Forward, Looking Back. The Wiley Handbook of Ethnography of Education, London and New York: Wiley; 2018. P: 24.##32. Kian M. Challenges of Virtual Education:A Report of What Are Not Learned. Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning Medical Sciences. 2014; 5(3): 11-22. [Persian]## ##

Qualitative Study of Women's Experiences with In Vitro Fertilization in Maybod City مطالعه کیفی تجربه زنان از لقاح آزمایشگاهی مکرر ناموفق در شهر میبد 2 2 Background: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most important treatments of infertility for couples. The purpose of this study was in vitro fertilization experiences of women in Maybod city. Methods: This study is based on the qualitative approach and Grounded theory method. Under-study populations were infertile females of Maybod City. Cases of the study were 14 women which were selected with purposive sampling up to data saturation. Data of this investigation were collected from semi-structure interviews. After data collection, open, axial and selective coding was performed. Results: After the first step of coding 348 primary codes were collected and they categorized into five main groups including turning to spirituality, keeping the stability life, overcoming on mutual challenges, mental occupation, and common acceptance. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, for women with several unsuccessful experiences of IVF, the main problem related to their infertility is unstable family. 428 435 2019/03/102018/10/282018/10/252019/01/112019/07/172018/10/262019/04/82018/11/18 1397/8/27 2019/07/292019/07/292019/09/242019/11/112019/10/202019/11/112019/09/242019/11/13 1398/8/22 حسین افراسیابی Hossein Afrasiabi Social Science Department, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran hafrasiabi@yazd.ac.ir فاطمه زارعی محمودآبادی Fatemeh Zareei Mahmoodabadi Social Science Department, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran h.zareei@yazd.ac.ir حسن زارعی محمودآبادی Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran h.zareei@yazd.ac.ir Fertilization In Vitro Infertility Women Family 1. Faryabi Z, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H. Comparative study of marital adaptation, happiness and divorce inclination in traditional and non-traditional marriages. Journal of Toloue Behdasht. 2014; 14(3): 83-94. 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