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The Relationship of Mindfulness, Psychological Hardiness and Spirituality with Depression in Mothers رابطه ذهن آگاهی، سرسختی روان‌شناختی و معنویت با افسردگی در مادران 2 2 Background: In recent years, the incidence of depression in people, especially women, has been growing, making it essential to study psychological correlates with the disorder. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of mindfulness, psychological hardiness and spirituality with depression in mothers. Methods: The statistical population of this correlational study included all mothers aged 30 - 50 years in Isfahan in 2016 - 2017. To this end, 300 mothers were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection instruments were Mindfulness Skills Measures, Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire, Spirituality Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) were used. Results: Mindfulness (-0.48), psychological hardiness (-0.39) and spirituality (-0.55) had a significant, inverse correlation with depression in mothers (P-value < 0.001). These components could significantly predict depression in mothers (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Given the significant role of the subscales mindfulness, psychological hardiness and spirituality in predicting mothers' depression, it is suggested that the education of these components to mothers be taken into consideration to prevent the occurrence of depression.   287 297 2018/08/13 1397/5/22 2019/06/3 1398/3/13 Zahra Ghasemi Zahra Ghasemi Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Zahraghasemi.8050@gmail.com Mohammad Bagher Kajbaf Mohammad Bagher Kajbaf Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Iran m.b.kaj@edu.ui.ac.ir Mindfulness Psychological Hardiness Spirituality Depression 1. Dear BF, Zou J, Titov N, et al. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A feasibility open trial for older adults. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;47(2):169-176.##Katon W, Lin EH, Kroenke K. The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2007;29(2):147-155.##Ganji M. Psychological pathology based on DSM IV. Terhan: Savalan Publications; 2013. [Persian]##Sadook BJ, Sadook WA, Ruins P. Summary of psychiatry, behavioral sciences/ clinical psychiatry. [Translated by Farzin Reza'ie]. Tehran: Arjmand Publications; 2015. P:644. [Persian]##Avenevoli S, Swendsen J, He JP, Burstein M, Merikangas KR. Major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement: prevalence, correlates, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2015;54(1):37-44.##Kingston J, Chadwick P, Meron D, Skinner TC. A pilot randomized control trial investigating the effect of mindfulness practice on pain tolerance, psychological well-being, and physiological activity. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2007;62(3):297-300.##Carmody J, Reed G, Kristeller J, Merriam P. Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2008;64(4):393-403.##Emanuel AS, Updegraff JA, Kalmbach DA, Ciesla JA. The role of mindfulness facets in affective forecasting. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010;49(7):815-818.##Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DR, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Personality and Individual differences. 2009;46(2):94-99.##Leigh J, Bowen S, Marlatt GA. Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors. 2005;30(7):1335-1341.##Siegel RD. The mindfulness solution: Everyday practices for everyday problems. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.##Howell AJ, Digdon NL, Buro K, Sheptycki AR. Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Personality and Individual Differences. 2008;45(8):773-777.##Weinstein N, Brown KW, Ryan RM. A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality. 2009;43(3):374-385.##Sariolghadam Z, Bakhshipour A, Hashemi T, Zahednejhad H. The role of hardiness in mediating negative effects of stress on memory function. Journal of Social Psychology (New Findings in Psychology). 2012;7(21):33-46.##Hamid N. Relationship between psychological hardiness, life satisfaction and hope with academic performance of pre-university female students. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2011;4(4):101-116.##Dehghani A, Kajbaf MB. The relationship between coping styles and hardiness among students. Knowledge and Health. 2013;8(3):112-118. [Persian]##Asli Azad M, Rajaei R, Farhadi T, Aghasi A, Shahidi L. Investigating the relationship between hardiness as well as resiliency and burnout aspects in the care givers of the physically, mentally and multiple retarded patients at the welfare organization in 2015. Community Health journal. 2016;10(2):24-32. [Persian]##Maddi SR, Harvey RH, Khoshaba DM, Fazel M, Resurreccion N. The personality construct of hardiness, IV: Expressed in positive cognitions and emotions concerning oneself and developmentally relevant activities. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 2009;49(3):292-305.##Civitci N, Civitci A. Social comparison orientation, hardiness and life satisfaction in undergraduate students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;205:516-523.##Jowkar B, Kamali F. The relationship between spirituality and cognitive emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists). 2016;12(48):377-385. [Persian]##Dowling EM, Scarlett WG. Encyclopedia of religious and spiritual development. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; 2006.##Watts F. Emotional Regulation and Religion. In: Gross J. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2007. P:504-520.##Saroglou V, Muñoz García A. Individual differences in religion and spirituality: An issue of personality traits and/or values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2008;47(1):83-101.##Watts F, Nye R, Savage S. Psychology for Christian ministry. London: Routledge; 2002.##Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206.##Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment. 2006;13(1):27-45.##Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84(4):822.##Buchheld N, Grossman P, Walach H. Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research. 2001;1(1):11-34.##Feldman GC, Hayes AM, Kumar SM, Greeson JM. Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale; 2004. [Unpublished]##Chadwick P, Hember M, Mead S, Lilley B, Dagnan D. Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the mindfulness questionnaire; 2005. [Unpublished]##Dehghan Manshadi Z, Taghavi MR, Dehghan Manshadi M. Psychometric characteristics of the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Journal of Clinical Psychology Andishe va Raftar. 2012;7(25):27-36. [Persian]##Ghaseri R, Sarandi P, Gholmohammad Nejad GR, Eyvaziyan F. The relational study of emotional intelligence and hardiness among teachers of Sarab city. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation. 2012;4(16):69-80. [Persian]##Kravetz S, Drory Y, Florian V. Hardiness and sense of coherence and their relation to negative affect. European Journal of Personality. 1993;7(4):233-244.##Maddi SR, Khoshaba DM. Hardiness and mental health. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1994;63(2):265-274.##Hall TW, Edwards KJ. The spiritual assessment inventory: A theistic model and measure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2002;41(2):341-357.##Giovagnoli AR, Meneses RF, Da Silva AM. The contribution of spirituality to quality of life in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006;9(1):133-139.##Bell M, Billington R, Becker B. A scale for the assessment of object relations: Reliability, validity, and factorial invariance. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1986;42(5):733-741.##https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198609)42:53.0.CO;2-C##Ellison CW. Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 1983;11(4):330-338.##Gorsuch RL, McPherson SE. Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1989:348-354.##Raskin R, Terry H. A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988;54(5):890-902.##Andrews G, Singh M, Bond M. The defense style questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1993; 181(4):246-256.##Fathi E, Farhadi T. The effectiveness of self-forgiveness group counseling based on Quranic concepts on depression in high school boy students. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education. 2016;12(3):109-126. [Persian]##Raesian AS, Golzari M, Borjali A. Effectiveness of hope therapy on reducing depressive symptoms and preventing of relapse in cure-seeker women with dependency to narcotic drugs. Research on Addiction. 2011;5(17):21-40. [Persian]##McCracken LM, Gauntlett-Gilbert J, Vowles KE. The role of mindfulness in a contextual cognitive-behavioral analysis of chronic pain-related suffering and disability. Pain. 2007;131:63-69.##Galantino ML, Baime M, Maguire M, Szapary PO, Farrar JT. Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health‐care professionals during an 8‐week mindfulness meditation program: Mindfulness in practice. 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The Efficiency of Emotion Regulation and Distress Tolerance Based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Anxiety Sensitivity and Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Women with Irritable Bowel اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های تنظیم هیجان و تحمل پریشانی مبتنی بر رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک بر حساسیت اضطرابی و دشواری‌های تنظیم هیجان در زنان مبتلا به روده تحریک‌پذیر 2 2 Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects social, occupational, communicational, and psychological functioning. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on anxiety sensitivity and emotion regulation difficulties among women with IBS. Methods: In order to conduct this study, a sample of 30 women with IBS who referred to Tehran healthcare centers was selected using the convenience sampling. Then, participants were assigned to experimental and control groups randomly. In this pretest-posttest semi-experimental study, we used anxiety sensitivity index questionnaire and the emotion regulation questionnaire. The experimental group received the educational intervention in 10 sessions during two and a half months. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that DBT had a significant effect on anxiety sensitivity and emotional regulation difficulties in women with IBS (P-value < 0.001). So, this treatment could reduce the anxiety sensitivity and emotional regulation difficulties in with IBS women. Conclusion: According to the results, DBT educations can reduce the anxiety sensitivity and negative emotion regulation and increase the positive emotion regulation.   298 308 2018/08/132018/09/25 1397/7/3 2019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Marmareh Sehatti Marmareh Sehatti Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. Iran Marmareh.sehatty@gmail.com Angham Amin Nasab Angham Amin Nasab Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. Iran Angham1347@yahoo.com Zahra Yousefian Zahra Yousefian Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. Iran r.yoosefian@gmail.com Dialectical Behavior Therapy Anxiety Sensitivity Emotion Regulation Irritable Bowel Syndrome 1. Cremonini F, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, natural history, health care seeking and emerging risk factors. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2005;34(2):189-204.##Solhpour A, Pourhoseingholi MA, Soltani F, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome: a significant association in an Iranian population. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2008;20(8):719-725.##Adarvishi S, Asadi M, Zarea K, Ghasemideh Cheshmeh M, Ahmadnea M, Hardani F. Effect of problem solving training on anxiety in patients with IBS. Preventive Care in Nursing & Midwifery Journal. 2016;5(2):22-32.##Richardson EJ, Ness TJ, Doleys DM, Baños JH, Cianfrini L, Richards JS. Depressive symptoms and pain evaluations among persons with chronic pain: Catastrophizing, but not pain acceptance, shows significant effects. PAIN®. 2009;147(1-3):147-152.##Spiller R, Aziz Q, Creed F, et al. Guidelines for the management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut. 2007;56(12):1770-1798.##Drossman DA, Chang L, Schneck S, Blackman C, Norton WF, Norton NJ. A focus group assessment of patient perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome and illness severity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2009;54(7):1532-1541.##Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5): 1480-1491.##Hillila M. Irritable bowel syndrome in general population: Epidemiology, comorbidity, and societal cost. [Doctorate Thesis]. Helsinki: Finland, Helsinkli University; 2010.##Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. European Journal of Pain. 2006;10(4):287-333.##Mirzaei V, Sayadi AR, Bakhshi H, Hasani Moghadam V. Comparison of depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy patients referring to internists offices in the city of Rafsanjan in Summer 2011. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;11(3):259-268. [Persian]##Taheri M, Yaryari F, Molavi M. The effect of therapeutic touch on anxiety patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Complementary Medicine Journal of Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery. 2013;3(1):406-417.##Lee S, Wu J, Ma YL, Tsang A, Guo WJ, Sung J. Irritable bowel syndrome is strongly associated with generalized anxiety disorder: A community study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2009;30(6):643-651.##Wheaton MG, Deacon BJ, McGrath PB, Berman NC, Abramowitz JS. Dimensions of anxiety sensitivity in the anxiety disorders: Evaluation of the ASI-3. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2012;26(3):401-408.##Stewart SH, Taylor S, Baker JM. Gender differences in dimensions of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1997;11(2):179-200.##Stewart SH, Conrod PJ, Gignac ML, Pihl RO. Selective processing biases in anxiety-sensitive men and women. Cognition & Emotion. 1998;12(1):105-134.##Mousavi F. Anxiety sensitivity and five major factors of personality with academic achievement in high school students in Shiraz. Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University, Master's thesis. 2011. (Persian).##Taylor S, Koch WJ, McNally RJ, Crockett DJ. Conceptualizations of anxiety sensitivity. Psychological Assessment. 1992;4(2):245-250.##Stewart SH, Conrod PJ, Gignac ML, Pihl RO. Selective processing biases in anxiety-sensitive men and women. Cognition & Emotion. 1998;12(1):105-134.##McWilliams LA, Stewart SH, MacPherson PS. Does the social concerns component of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index belong to the domain of anxiety sensitivity or the domain of negative evaluation sensitivity?. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2000;38(10):985-992.##Cox BJ, Enns MW, Freeman P, Walker JR. Anxiety sensitivity and major depression: Examination of affective state dependence. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001;39(11):1349-1356.##Wu MS, McGuire JF, Storch EA. Anxiety sensitivity and family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;205:344-350.##Pang RD, Guillot CR, Zvolensky MJ, Bonn Miller MO, Leventhal AM. Associations of anxiety sensitivity and emotional symptoms with the subjective effects of alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors. 2017;73:192-198.##Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, et al. Depression, anxiety and anger in subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2010;17(1):64-70.##Atkinson RL, Atkinson RC, Smith EE, Bem DJ, Nolen- Hoeksema S. Hilgard's in reductions to psychology, For teenth edit ion. For worth, TX, Harcourt Brance. 2003; 395-396##Aldao A, Nolenn Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2010;48(10):974-983.##Linehan MM. skills training manual for treating borden line personality disorder. New York: Guil ford press; 1993.##Dimeff LA, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abusers. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 2008;4(2):39.##Asmand P, Mami S, Valizadeh R. The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy in irrational believes treatment among young male prisoners who have antisocial personality disorder in Ilam Prison. International Journal of Health System and Disaster Management. 2015;3:68-73.##Bornovalova MA, Daughters SB. How does dialectical behavior therapy facilitate treatment retention among individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders?. Clinical Psychology Review. 2007;27(8):923-43.##Swales MA. Dialectical behavior therapy: Description, research and future directions. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2009;5(2):164-177##Lynch TR, Cheavens JS, Cukrowicz KC, Thorp SR, Bronner L, Beyer J. Treatment of older adults with comorbid personality disorder and depression: A dialectical behavior therapy approach. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the Psychiatry of Late Life and Allied Sciences. 2007;22(2):131-143.##Taghvaie D, Masjedi A, Jafari M. Effectiveness of dialectical treatment on rebuke of oneself and others, rumination and catastrophizing of women with breast cancer. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2015;9(35):67-76. [Persian]##Salehi A, Baghban I, Bahrami F, Ahmadi SA. The effect of emotion regulation training based on dialectical behavior therapy and gross process model on symptoms of emotional problems. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012;14(2):49-55. [Persian]##Littlefield AK, Sher KJ, Wood PK. Is "maturing out" of problematic alcohol involvement related to personality change?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2009;118(2):360.##Eisner L, Eddie D, Harley R, Jacobo M, Nierenberg AA, Deckersbach T. Dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for bipolar disorder. Behavior Therapy. 2017;48(4):557-566.##Wilks CR, Valenstein-Mah H, Tran H, King AM, Lungu A, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy skills for families of individuals with behavioral disorders: Initial feasibility and outcomes. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2017;24(3):288-295.##Floyd M, Garfield A, LaSota MT. Anxiety sensitivity and worry. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005;38(5):1223-1229.##Bayrami M, Fahimi S, Akbari E, Amiri Pichakolaei A. Predicting marital satisfaction on the basis of attachment styles and differentiation components. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2012;14(1): 64-77. [Persian]##Mashhadi A, Gasempoor A, Akbari E, ElBeigi R, Hasanzadeh S. The role of anxiety sensitivity and emotion regulation in prediction of students' social anxiety disorder. Knowledge Research Applied Psychology. 2013;14(2):89-99. [Persian]##Ghasemi N. The Comparison of Anxiety Sensitivity and Happiness in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients with Normal Matched Group in Shiraz. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2012;2(2):101-112. [Persian]##Garnefski N, Van Den Kommer T, Kraaij V, Teerds J, Legerstee J, Onstein E. The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: Comparison between a clinical and a non‐clinical sample. 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A Survey of Factors Related to Marital Satisfaction among Married Women in Taft City, Iran بررسی عوامل موثر بر رضایت از زندگی زناشویی در بین زنان متاهل شهر تفت 2 2 Background: The foundation of a healthy community is based on the healthy communication between family members. In this regard, marital satisfaction is one of the important factors in strengthening the family relationships, which can be affected by the type of marriage as well as the family demographic and cultural components. Methods: This study was conducted on 120 married women in Taft. Participants were selected by systematic sampling method using Cochran formula. The research tools were Enrique Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998) and a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the latter questionnaire was assessed using face validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha. Results: According to the results, the marital satisfaction of married women was in moderate level. Moreover, marital satisfaction was higher among the villagers (P-value = 0.006), non-familial marriages (P-value = 0.006), and housewives (P-value = 0.042) than other groups. Considering the type of marriage, forced marriage (P-value ≤ 0.50) showed a significant relationship with lack of life satisfaction; in other words, a higher degree of satisfaction was observed in unforced marriages. According to the regression analysis, four variables of couple’s age differences, education level differences, duration of marriage, and type of marriage (forced and unforced) explained about 43.5 percent of the dependent variable variations. Conclusion: Eventually, increase in the education level of couples decreased their life satisfaction; whereas, marital satisfaction increased by increase of age, duration of marriage, number of children. Moreover, marital satisfaction was lower in forded marriages. 309 321 2018/08/132018/09/252018/09/29 1397/7/7 2019/06/32019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Akbar Zare Shahabadi Akbar Zare Shahabadi School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran a_zare@yazd.ac.ir Marzieh Montazeri Marzieh Montazeri School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran rezayatyazd@gmail.com Forced Marriage Education Marital Satisfaction Married Women Marriage Age Ebrahimi Bakhtour D. A Discussion on the Psychology of Marriage. Tabriz: Saadi Publishing; 1985. P:46. [Persian]##Zare B, Safyari Jafarabad H. The study of marital satisfaction and its determinants on married women and men in Tehran city. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological. 2015; 13(1): 111-140. [Persian]##Shahidi M, Yousefi F. Survay of problems and marriage critaria of students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Teb va Tazkiye. 2002;4(10):4-9. [Persian]##Sadegh Moghadam L, Askari F, Marouzi P, Shams H, Tahmasbi S. Comparison of marriage satisfaction in housewives and employed women and their husbands in Gonabad. Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2006;12(2):45-50. [Persian]##Fatehizadeh M, Ahmadi A. Relationship between marriage communication patterns and marital satisfaction of couples working in Isfahan University. Journal Of Family Research. 2005;1(2):109-119. [Persian]##Bahari Z. Role of the life stlye on marital satisfaction. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2015;6(22):125-145. [Persian]##Greef AP. Characteristics of family that function well. Journal of Family Issues. 2000;21(8):948-963.##Cui M, Donnellan MB. Trajectories of conflict over raising adolescent children and marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2009;71(3):478-494.##Bakhtiari A. Satisfaction survey of marital life in four types of family structure. Journal of Women's Research. 2008;2(1):33-53. [Persian]##Naderi L, Molavi H, Nory A. The prediction of marital satisfaction of couples in isfahan based on empathy and forgiveness. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2017;16(4):69-75. [Persian]##Hajizadeh Meimandi M, Dehghan Chenary M. The relationship of healthy life style with marital life satisfaction among married women in Yazd. Journal of Woman in Culture Arts. 2015;7(1):61-76. [Persian]##Jwaheri Mohamadi M, Klantar Kosheh S, Farah Baksh K. The comparison of marital satisfaction between traditional and non-traditional couples in Tehran. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2015;5(2): 123-142. [Persian]##Maslehati H. Marriage and therapy marriage. Tehran: Alborz; 2005. [Persian]##Ellis BJ. The evolution of sex attraction: Evolution mechanisms in women. The adapted mind, evolution of psychology and generation of culture. New York: Oxford University; 1992.##Michel A. Family and Marriage Sociology, Translated by: Ardalan F. Tehran: Publications of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Cooperatives, Tehran University. 1975;73-104.##Korporaal M, Broese van Groenou MI, Tilburg TG. Health Problems and Marital Satisfaction Among Older Couples. Journal of Aging and Health. 2013;25(8):1279-1298.##Britton JR. Pre‐discharge anxiety among mothers of well newborns: Prevalence and correlates. Acta Paediatrica. 2005;94(12): 1771-1776.##Olson, D. H.(1994).The relationships between communication skils and marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family. 59 884-919.##Adler Baeder F, Higginbotham B, Lamke L. Putting empirical knowledge to work: Linking research and programming on marital quality. Family Relations. 2004; 53(5): 537-346.##Sarukhani B. An Introduction to the encyclopedia of social sciences. Tehran:##Kayhan Publication; 1991. P:77. [Persian]##Taqavi N. Review of the status of marriage and divorce in Tabriz city. East Azarbaijan Governorate;1995. P:158. [Persian]##Hosseini A. Matrimonial maturity and family strength. Journal of Women. 2008;10:53-54. [Persian]##Sarukhani B. Introduction to family sociology. Tehran: Soroush Publication; 2009. P:66-188. [Persian]##Azazi Sh. Family sociology. Tehran: Roshangar Publications and Women's Studies; 2008. P:71-91. [Persian]##Azazi Sh. Family violence in beaten women. Tehran: High Publication; 2001. P:81-120. [Persian]##Carlson J, Sperry L, Lewis J. Family Therapy Ensuring Effective Treatment, Translated by: Navabnezhad Sh. 2nd ed. Publication of the Association of Educators and Principals; 1999. P:43.##Ghaemi A. The life of a woman in islamic thought. Tehran: Amiri Publication; 1995. P: 83. [Persian]##Sadr Nabavi R. Society and the individual. Mashhad: Book Buy Bostan; 1991 .P:330. [Persian]##Chelabi M. Social analysis in action space. 1st ed. Tehran: Ney Publication; 2006. P:230.##Sheikhi MT. Sociology of women and family. Tehran: Publication Company; 2001. P: 54. [Persian]## ##

Comparison of Emotional Processing, Emotional Failure, and Cognitive Adjustment of Emotions in Students with Divorced and Non-Divorced Parents مقایسه پردازش هیجانی، نارسایی هیجانی و تنظیم شناختی هیجان در کودکان با والدین مطلقه و غیرمطلقه 2 2 Background: divorce causes emotional and psychological damages to children. On this basis, emotional processing, emotional failure, and emotional adjustment of students with divorced and non-divorced parents were compared in Isfahan city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic causative-comparison study, all students with divorced and non-divorced parents were investigated in Isfahan. In this research, non-probability sampling method was used. In order to conduct the study, 200 middle-school students with divorced and non-divorced parents were selected (100 students had divorced and 100 had non-divorced parents).The questionnaires used in this study included emotional processing questionnaire, emotional failure, and emotional adjustment questionnaire. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that emotional processing, emotional failure, and emotional adjustment were significantly different between the two groups of students with divorced parents and non-divorced parents (P-value < 0.001). Although students with divorced parents had lower scores in components of emotional processing and emotional adjustment, they had higher scores in emotional failure. Conclusion: Based on the findings, emotional processing, emotional failure, and emotional adjustment of students with divorced parents should be considered. In this regard, a suitable method of intervention is required, such as treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy and mind-consciousness to reach acceptable normal level of transformational process. 322 330 2018/08/132018/09/252018/09/292018/08/13 1397/5/22 2019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Shahla Shirani Shahla Shirani Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Sh.shiran@yahoo.com Moslem Asli Azad Moslem Asli Azad Yung researchers Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Emotional Processing Emotional Failure Emotional Adjustment Divorce 1. Bahmani M, Fallahchaie S, Zareie E. Comparison of equity between satisfied and conflicting couples. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2012;1(3):382-395. [Persian]##Afkhami I, Bahrami F, Fatehizadeh M. A Correlational study on couples'forgiveness and marital conflicts in Yazd province. Journal of Family Research. 2007;3(9):431-442. [Persian]##DeLongis A, Zwicker A. Marital satisfaction and divorce in couples in stepfamilies. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2017;13:158-161.##Kelly JB. Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39(8):963-973.##Brentano C. Divorce: Causes and consequences current perspectives in psychology. 1st ed. New Haven:Yale University Press; 2006.##Guidubaldi J, Cleminshaw HK, Perry JD, Mcloughlin CS. The impact of parental divorce on children: Report of the nationwide NASP study. School Psychology Review; 1983. P:300-323.##Ghamari Givi H, Khoshnoodniay Chomachaei B. Comparison of social skills, mental health and academic performance in children with divorced, divorcing and intact parents. Journal of Family Research. 2016;12(45):69-92. [Persian]##Raisee R, Ganji F, Shahmoradi R, et al. The effect of life skills face to face meeting on mental health of children of divorce. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2012;14(4):30-37 [Persian]##Hoseini Maram F, Teimouri S. Investigating the effectiveness of teaching cognitive strategies on emotional regulation of children with divorced parents. First International Conference of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Social Sciences; Tehran, Koosha Gostar Conferences Center in Cooperation with Iran Universities. 2016. [Persian]##Bagheri S, Mir Hashemi M. Comparing emotional regulation, happiness and resilience in normal children with the children with divorced parents, third national conference of psychology and behavioral sciences; Tehran, Narkish Information Institution. 2015. [Persian]##Atkinson RL, Atkinson RC, Smith EE, Bem DJ, Nolen Hoek Sema S. Hilgard's in reductions to psychology. 14th ed. For worth, TX, Harcourt Brance; 2003. P:395-396.##Aldao A, Nolen Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2010;48(10):974-83.##Safdari Cheraghtappeh N, Sanaee B. Comparing bearing distress, alexithymia, sensual processing and emotional processing in the children of divorced families and the children with both parents, second international conference of applied studies in educational sciences and behavioral studies and social damages of Iran; Tehran, Soroush-e-Hekmate-Mortazavi Islamic research and studies center. 2016. [Persian]##Baker LR, McNulty JK. Self-compassion and relationship maintenance: The moderating roles of conscientiousness and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2011;100(5):853.##Yu GM, Li B. How subjective well-being affects emotional processing: the role of event-related potentials. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal. 2012;40(8):1285-1292.##Raparia E, Coplan JD, Abdallah CG, et al. Impact of childhood emotional abuse on neocortical neurometabolites and complex emotional processing in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;190:414-23.##Karukivi M, Joukamaa M, Hautala L, et al. Does perceived social support and parental attitude relate to alexithymia? A study in Finnish late adolescents. Psychiatry Research. 2011;187(1-2):254-60.##Picardi A, Toni A, Caroppo E. Stability of alexithymia and its relationships with the 'big five' factors, temperament, character, and attachment style. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2005;74(6):371-378.##Thorberg FA, Young RM, Sullivan KA, Lyvers M. Parental bonding and alexithymia: A meta-analysis. European Psychiatry. 2011;26(3):187-193.##Shimura A, Takaesu Y, Nakai Y, et al. Childhood parental bonding affects adulthood trait anxiety through self-esteem. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2017;74:15-20.##Khalid A, Qadir F, Chan SW, Schwannauer M. Parental bonding and adolescents' depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018;228:60-67.##Swart M, Kortekaas R, Aleman A. Dealing with feelings: Characterization of trait alexithymia on emotion regulation strategies and cognitive-emotional processing. PLoS One. 2009;4(6).##Hoseini YS, Mashhadi A, Kimiaee SA, Asemi Z. Effectiveness of Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) on externalized and internalized problems in children of divorce. Family Psychology. 2015;2(1):3-14. [Persian]##Delavar A. Research Method in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Publishing; 2012. [Persian]##Soleimani A, Habibi Y. The relationship between emotion regulation and resiliency with psychological well-being in students. Journal School Psychology. 2015;3:72-51. [Persian]##Mohammadi H, Mosavi V. Comparison of Emotional Regulation and Self-Control in Children with and without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2015; 2 (2) :21-33 [Persian]##Toufani A. Investigating effectiveness of teaching resilience on emotional regulation, emotional processing and stress in anxious adolescents. [MA Dissertation]. Iran. Islamic Azad University, South Tehran branch; 2017. [Persian]##Inanloo M. Comparison of anxiety sensitivity and emotional processing of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and those with depression disorder with normal people. [MA Dissertation]. Iran. Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch; 2014. [Persian]##Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994;38(1):23-32.##Besharat MA. Attachment styles and alexithymia. Psychological Research. 2010;12(4):63-80. [Persian]##Shahgholian M, Moradi A, Kafee M. Relationship of alexithymia with emotional expression styles and general health among university students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2007;13(3):238-248. [Persian]##Arkes J. The temporal effects of divorces and separations on children's academic achievement and problem behavior. Journal of divorce & remarriage. 2015;56(1):25-42.##Brewer MM. The effects of child gender and child age at the time of parental divorce on the development of adult depression. Walden University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2010. P:269-279.##Bokker P. Factors that influence the relationships between divorced fathers and their children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2006;45(3-4):157-172.##Sutherland KE, Altenhofen S, Biringen Z. Emotional availability during mother-child interactions in divorcing and intact married families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2012;53(2):126-141.##Gauverean D. Mediation versus litigation: Examining differences in outcomes amongst the children of divorce. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Canada. University of Western Ontario; 2012.## ##

General Health Status, Quality of Life and Social Support of Young Athletes and Young Non-Athletes in Yazd 2 2 Background: One of the factors influencing the level of general health and quality of life of individuals, is the level of social support that people enjoy. Given the importance of general health, quality of life and the amount of social support and their relationship with the level of physical activity in young people in Yazd province counties were studied. Methods: The study population of this descriptive, cross-sectional study consisted of 15- to 29-year-old people. Given the study population, sample size was calculated for the counties Yazd, Mehriz, Ardakan and Meybod separately. Methods: A total of 1533 people were selected by cluster sampling, and a person aged 15-29 years from each family completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire used, in addition to demographic questions, included three sections general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and World Health Organization Quality Of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). The data were analyzed by SPSS18, nonparametric statistical tests and Pearson's correlation. Results: The mean general health score of youth was 30.82 (9.56) and the mean scores of their quality of life and social support were 38.32 (8.67) and 42.64 (7.73), respectively. Mental health, quality of life and social support were significantly associated with education level (P-value ≤ 0.001). The quality of life of young athletes was higher than that of young non-athletes (P-value ≤ 0.001). General health and social support were higher in women than in men (P-value ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The general health level of Yazd youth is higher than the cut-off point and not optimal, but based on social and cultural conditions in this province, the levels of social support and quality of life were found to be satisfactory. Planning to increase the level of vitality and exercise in different fields can be an opportunity to improve the general health of young people. 331 339 2018/08/132018/09/252018/09/292018/08/132018/12/16 1397/9/25 2019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran mazloomy@yahoo.com Nahid Ardian Nahid Ardian Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran n_ardian1382@hotmail.com Hadi Eslami Hadi Eslami Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Iran eslamih@gmail.com General Health Quality Of Life Social Support Sports Youth 1. Garousi S, Safizadeh H, Samadian F. The study of relationship between social support and quality of life among elderly people in Kerman. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2012;11(3):303-315. [Persian]##Sharma R, Rasania SK, Verma A, Singh S. Study of prevalence and response to needle stick injuries among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2010;35(1):74.##Schram MT, Baan CA, Pouwer F. Depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes: A systematic review from the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) research consortium. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2009;5(2):112-119.##Kimm H, Sull JW, Gombojav B, Yi S-W, Ohrr H. Life satisfaction and mortality in elderly people: The Kangwha cohort study. BMC Public Health.2012;12(1):54.##Nourbakhsh Y, Heidarkhani H, Mohammadi A. Investigating the relationship between social support and underlying variables with social health of young people in marginalized areas of Kermanshah. Journal of Social Problems of Iran. 2017;8(2):233-257.##Abedini S, Talebi S. The socio-economical factors related to the degree of tendency of citizens toward public sports in Khalkal. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2017;28(1):131-144.##King MB, Whipple RH, Gruman CA, Judge JO, Schmidt JA, Wolfson LI. The performance enhancement project: Improving physical performance in older persons. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002;83(8):1060-1069.##Patterson SL, Rodgers MM, Macko RF, Forrester LW. Effect of treadmill exercise training on spatial and temporal gait parameters in subjects with chronic stroke: A preliminary report. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2008;45(2):221.##Schenkman M, Hall D, Kumar R, Kohrt WM. Endurance exercise training to improve economy of movement of people with Parkinson disease: three case reports. Physical Therapy. 2008;88(1):63-76.##Rabanipour N, Roohafza H, Feizi A, Rabiei K, Sarrafzadegan N. The association between mental health and quality of life: A cross-sectional study in a large sample of Isfahan Steal Company's employees. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2018;20(5):368-375.##Zameni L, Bahram A, Khalaji H, Ghadiri F, Hasani G. Biological Maturation and Physical Activity among Female Adolescents in Mazandaran, Iran, in 2017: Moderating role of social support. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2017;60(3):528-538. [Persian]##Mohammadi MR, Davidian H, Noorbala AA, et al. An epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2005;1.##Ardian N, Mahmoudabad SSM, Ardian M, Karimi M. General health of foreign-origin groups and native population. Global Journal of Health Science. 2014;6(5):55.##Ghorji M, Keshavarz Z, Ebadi A, Nasiri M. Persian Translation and Psychometric Properties of Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) for Health Care Providers. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018;28(163):93-106. [Persian]##Masoudnia E. Relationship between perceived social support and risk of postpartum depression disorder. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2011;70(24):8-18. [Persian]##Noorbala AA, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Yasamy MT, Mohammad K. Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;184:70-73.##Nahid A, Saeid MMS, Mahdi A, Hassan EM, Hadi E. The mental health and social support in Bafq's miners. Health Sciences Research. 2015;2(5):39-44.##Mahmoudabad SSM, Ardian N, Salmani I, Hajian N. Comparing Mental Health of Female Athlete and Non-Athlete Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Community Health Research. 2013;2(3):188-195.##Halvani Gholam Hosein, Morowati Sharifabad Mohammad Ali, Hosein. BmM. Determining thegeneral health status of workers of Kuushk mine. Koomesh. 2007;8(4):261-268. [Persian]##Khodabakhshi KA, Mostafa B, Falsafinejad MR, Shahdadi H. the relationship of quality of life with health literacy in male patients with type II diabetes: A cross-sectional study in Harsin City, 2015. Journal of Diabetes Nursing. 2016;4(4):10-20. [Persian]##Mokhtari Z, Hokmi M, Mokhtari G. Relationship between mental health and quality of life in athletes in Hamedan. Journal of Health Psychology. 2010;1(2):131-149.##Böhnke P. First European Quality of Life Survey: Life satisfaction, happiness and sense of belonging: Office for Official Publications in the European Communities; 2005.##Tabraei Y, ShahSiyah M, Asadi M, Mohebi M. The correlation between emotional intelligence and quality of life among students of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2009. Knowledge & Health. 2010;5:79-88. [Persian]##Bakhtiyari M, Emaminaeini M, Hatami H, Khodakarim S, Sahaf R. Depression and perceived social support in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2017;12(2):192-207. [Persian]##Naghib Zadeh M, Rashnavadi Nejhad J. Relationship between Physical Fitness and General Health among Female Students of Ilam University. scientific journal of ilam university of medical sciences. 2014;22(3):59-66. [Persian]##Kalateh Jari M, Bagheri H, Hassani MR. The effect of aerobic exercise program on quality of life in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2007;9. [Persian]##Hosseini E, Farzan F. An Examination of the role of social support in women's sport Commitment to Sports. 2016;10(1):137-148. [Persian]##Chavoshian SA, Moeini B, Bashirian S, Feradmal J. The role of spiritual health and social support in predicting nurses' quality of life. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2015;2(1):19-28.##Haghighatian M. The effective factors on the quality of women's life in Isfahan. Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies. 2014;6(2):81-89. [Persian]##Hashemi Z, Keikha M, Keikhaee R, Ansari Moghadam A, Salehi Marzijarani M, Nasiri A. Is women's Employment in Health Centers Associated With their Quality of life? A Case study of employed women in Zabol, Iran in 2010. Iranian Journal of epidemiology. 2013;9(2):15-21. [Persian]## ##

Comparison of Self-Coherence and Impulsiveness between People with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Healthy People 2 2 Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a serious syndrome, which damages people’s psychological, communicative, social, and emotional lives. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare integrative self-knowledge and impulsivity in patients with Irritable IBS and healthy individuals. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on patients with IBS referring to gastroenterologists and healthy individuals in the city of Isfahan in 2018. The sample size included 150 patients with IBS and 150 healthy people in Isfahan selected using non-random convenient sampling method. The integrative self-knowledge and impulsivity questionnaires were applied to collect the information. After collecting the questionnaires and extracting the raw data, SPSS23 software was used and t-test was run to analyze the data. Results: A significant difference was observed between patients with IBS and healthy participants with regard to integrative self-knowledge and impulsivity (P-value < 0.001), so that people with IBS had lower integrative self-knowledge and higher impulsivity in comparison with the healthy individuals. Conclusion: According to the findings, people with IBS had lower integrative self-knowledge and higher impulsivity due to their therapeutic and psychological involvement in the disease. So, third-wave psychological treatments such as mindfulness treatment and positivist psychotherapy are required in this area. 340 348 2018/08/132018/09/252018/09/292018/08/132018/12/162018/10/27 1397/8/5 2019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Saeideh Khaki Saeideh Khaki Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. Iran Baran.khaki1991@yahoo.com Hajar Torkan Hajar Torkan Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. Iran h.torkan@khuisf.ac.ir Vahid Sebghatollahi Vahid Sebghatollahi Department of Adult Gastroenterology, Faculty Member of Isfahan Medical University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran sebghatollahi@gmail.com Integrative Self-Knowledge Impulsivity Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 1. Aruna P, Puviarasan N, Palaniappan B. An investigation of neuro-fuzzy systems in psychosomatic disorders. Expert Systems with Applications. 2005;28(4):673-679.##Defrees DN, Bailey J. Irritable bowel syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Primary Care. 2017;44(4):655-671.##Vicario M, Alonso C, Guilarte M, et al. Chronic psychosocial stress induces reversible mitochondrial damage and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type-1 upregulation in the rat intestine and IBS-like gut dysfunction. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(1):65-77.##Defrees DN, Bailey J. Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Primary Care. 2017;44(4):655-671.##Laskaratos FM, Goodkin O, Thoua NM, Murray CD. Irritable bowel syndrome. Medicine. 2015;43(5):266-270.##Alammar N, Stein E. Irritable bowel syndrome: What treatments really work. Medical Clinics. 2019;103(1):137-152.##Singh R, Salem A, Nanavati J, Mullin GE. The role of diet in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2018;47(1):107-137.##Tosic Golubovic S, Miljkovic S, Nagorni A, Lazarevic D, Nikolic G. Irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, depression and personality characteristics. Psychiatria Danubina. 2010; 22(3): 418-424.##Drossman DA, Chang L, Schneck S, Blackman C, Norton WF, Norton NJ. A focus group assessment of patient perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome and illness severity. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2009;54(7):1532-1541.##Spiller R, Aziz Q, Creed F, et al. Guidelines on the irritable bowel syndrome: Mechanisms and practical management. Gut. 2007;56(12):1770-1798.##Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5): 1480-1491.##Hillilä MT, Färkkilä MA. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to different diagnostic criteria in a non‐selected adult population. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004;20(3):339-345.##Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. European Journal of Pain. 2006;10(4):287-333.##Hood MM, Jedel S. Mindfulness-based interventions in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 2017; 46(4):859-874.##Tahbaz Hosseinzadeh S, Ghorbani N, Nabavi SM. Comparison of self-destructive tendencies and integrative self-knowledge among multiple sclerosis and healthy people. Contemporary Psychology. 2011;6(2):35-44. [Persian]##Shahmoohamadi K, Ghorbani N, Besharat MA, Nosrat Abadi M. The prospective effect of integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness and defensive styles on health. Journal of Psychology and Education. 2009;39(3):99-119. [Persian]##Ghorbani N, Bing MN, Watson PJ, Davison HK, LeBreton DL. Individualist and collectivist values: Evidence of compatibility in Iran and the United States. Personality and Individual Differences. 2003;35(2):431-447.##Ghorbani N, Watson PJ, Hargis MB. Integrative self-knowledge scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. The Journal of Psychology. 2008;142(4):395-412.##Sarafraz MR, Bahrami E, Zarandi AR. Self-Awareness process and BioPsychoSocioSpritual Health. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2011;4 (2):33-42. [Persian]##Arianakia E, Hasani J. Impulsivity and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patient with bipolar and major depressive disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2014;16(2):1-10.##Parker CH, Naliboff BD, Shih W, et al. Negative events during adulthood are associated with symptom severity and altered stress response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019. [In Press]##Verdejo-García A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L. Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008;32(4):777-810.##Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158(11):1783-1793.##Thorberg FA, Lyvers M. Attachment in relation to affect regulation and interpersonal functioning among substance use disorder in patients. Addiction Research & Theory. 2010;18(4):464-478.##Heinz AJ, Bui L, Thomas KM, Blonigen DM. Distinct facets of impulsivity exhibit differential associations with substance use disorder treatment processes: A cross-sectional and prospective investigation among military veterans. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2015;55:21-28.##Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK. Systematic review and meta‐analysis: The incidence and prognosis of post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007;26(4):535-544.##Delavar A. Theoretical and practical foundations of research in humanities and social sciences. Tehran: Roshd publication; 2009. [Persian]##Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206.##Ekhtiari H, Safaei H, Esmaeeli Djavid G, Atefvahid MK, Edalati H, Mokri A. Reliability and validity of Persian versions of Eysenck, Barratt, Dickman and Zuckerman Questionnaires in assessing risky and impulsive behaviors. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2008;14(3):326-336. [Persian]##Jalali DD, Aghababaei A. Comparing the effect of drug substance abuse prevention method on impulsiveness and coping strategies in male students. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2013;13(4):5-17. [Persian]##Naderi F, Haghshenas F. The relationship between impulsivity, loneliness and the mobile phone usage rate in male and female students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. Journal of Social Psychology. 2009;4(12):111-121. [Persian]##Banerjee A, Sarkhel S, Sarkar R, Dhali GK. Anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2017;39(6):741-745.##Greenwood Van Meerveld B, Johnson AC. Mechanisms of stress-induced visceral pain. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2018;24(1):7-18.##Mazaheri M. Prediction of Pain Intensity and Acceptance and Quality of Life in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on Feature of Interpersonal Forgiveness. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2015;9(9):26-34. [Persian]##Knowles SR, Austin DW, Sivanesan S, et al. Relations between symptom severity, illness perceptions, visceral sensitivity, coping strategies and well-being in irritable bowel syndrome guided by the common sense model of illness. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2017;22(5): 524-534.##Fedorak RN, Vanner SJ, Paterson WG, Bridges RJ. Canadian digestive health foundation public impact series 3: Irritable bowel syndrome in Canada. Incidence, prevalence, and direct and indirect economic impact. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2012;26(5): 252-256.##Ghasemi N. The comparison of anxiety sensitivity and happiness in irritable bowel syndrome patients with normal matched group in Shiraz. Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2012;2(2):101-112. [Persian]##Mohammadi N, Alipour A, , Daghaghzadeh H, Farzad V. Comparing the difficulties of emotion regulation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome based on handedness. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2015;12(4): 569-558. [Persian]##Porcelli P, De Carne M, Leandro G. Alexithymia and gastrointestinal-specific anxiety in moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2014;55(7):1647-1653.## ##

The Effectiveness of Barkley's Parent Training on Social Skills of Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 2 2 Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) damages the children’s communicative and social performance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Barkley’s parental training on social skills of students with ADHD. Methods: This random trial was conducted on primary school students with ADHD in Isfahan in academic year 2016 - 2017. As a result, 40 students with ADHD were selected from primary school students with ADHD via clustered random sampling method and were randomly categorized into case and control groups. The parents in the case group received fifteen sixty-minute therapeutic interventions in two months. The applied questionnaires included ADHD questionnaire and social skills questionnaire. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA method. Results: The results showed that Barkley’s parental training had significant effect on social skills of students with ADHD (P-value < 0.001) so that this therapy could improve social skills in ADHD students. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that Barkley’s parental training can be applied as an efficient treatment to improve social skills of ADHD children by modifying parents’ interactional and parental model.   349 359 2018/08/132018/09/252018/09/292018/08/132018/12/162018/10/272018/12/7 1397/9/16 2019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Sanaz Yaghmaei Sanaz Yaghmaei Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran. Iran snz.yaghmaie@gmail.com Mokhtar Malekpour Mokhtar Malekpour Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran mokhtarrmalekpour@yahoo.com Amir Ghamarani Amir Ghamarani Faculty Member of the Department of Psychology and Children with Special Needs, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran a.ghaamarani@edu.ui.ac.ir ADHD Barkley’s Training Social Skills Asli Azad M, Faramarzi, S, Arefi, M, Farhadi T, Fakkar, AS. The effectiveness of meta-cognitive knowledge on reduced hyperactivity and improved attention in children afflicted with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the primary school. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2014;16(1):49-57. [Persian]##Keute M, Krauel K, Heinze HJ, Stenner MP. Intact automatic motor inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cortex. 2018; 109: 215-225.##Tandon M, Pergjika A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool-age children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics. 2017; 26(3): 523-538.##Magnin E, Maurs C. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during adulthood. Revue Neurologique. 2017;173(7-8):506-515.##Hawkey EJ, Tillman R, Luby JL, Barch DM. Preschool executive function predicts childhood resting-state functional connectivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2018;3(11): 927-936.##Werst M, Kalata R, Tomkins J. Education of Exceptional Children, translation by Mojtaba Amiri Majd. Tehran: Shahr Ashob Publication; 2007. P:552. [Persian]##Saduk BJ, Saduk VA, Roez P. Summary of psychiatry based on DSM V, translation by Hamze Ganji. Tehran: Arjmand Publication; 2016. [Persian]##Graziano PA, Garcia A. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2016; 46:106-123.##Semrud Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Filipek P, Biederman J, Bekken K, Renshaw PF. Using MRI to examine brain-behavior relationships in males with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39(4): 477-484.##Kaffman M, Elizur E. Bereavement responses of kibbutz and non‐kibbutz children following the death of the father. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1983;24(3):435-442.##Bussing R, Gary FA, Mills TL, Garvan CW. Cultural variations in parental health beliefs, knowledge, and information sources related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Family Issues. 2007;28(3):291-318.##Davids E, Gastpar M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline##personality disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2005; 29(6):865-877.##Seif Naraghi M, Naderi A. Education of exceptional children. Tehran: Payame Noor University Press, pages; 2008. P:367. [Persian]##Abedi A, Qavam AS. Psychology and education of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity. 3rd ed. Isfahan: Nashr e Neveshteh Publication, pages; 2009. P:82. [Persian]##Afrouz, GH. An introduction to psychology and the education of exceptional children. Tehran: Tehran University Press; 2010. P:254. [Persian]##Elliott SN, Gresham FM. Social skills interventions for children. Behavior modification. 1993;17(3):287-313.##LaGasse AB. Effects of a music therapy group intervention on enhancing social skills in children with autism. Journal of Music Therapy. 2014; 51(3):250-275.##Watson TS, Skinner CH. Functional behavioral assessment: Principles, procedures, and future directions. School Psychology Review. 2001; 30(2): 156-172.##Mafra H. Development of learning and social skills in children with learning disabilities: an educational intervention program. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;209:221-228.##Chambers R, Gullone E, Allen NB. Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009;29(6):560-572.##Bell AS. A critical review of ADHD diagnostic criteria: What to address in the DSM-V. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2011;15(1):3-10.##Conn AM, Szilagyi MA, Alpert-Gillis L, et al. Pilot randomized controlled trial of foster parent training: A mixed-methods evaluation of parent and child outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review. 2018;89:188-197.##Daly B, Creed T, Xanthopou M, Brown R. Psychosocial Treatments for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychology Review. 2008;17:73-89.##Gerrard L, Anastopoulos AD. The relationship between ADHD and mother-child attachment in early childhood. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association; 2005.##Barkley RA. Taking charge of ADHD: The complete authoritative guide for parents. NewYork: Guilford; 2005. P:99-126.##Anastopoulos AD, Shaffer SD. Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in C.E. 1st ed. Canada: Guilford; 2001.##Hosseinzadeh Maleki Z, Mashhadi A, Ghanai Chamanabad A, et al. Working memory training, Barkly parent education program and combining these two interventions on improving the working memory of children with ADHD. Clinical Psychology Research and Counseling. 2013;15(4):53-64. [Persian]##Abedy AR, Seyyedghaleh A, Bahramipour M. Comparison of the effectiveness of filial therapy and Barkley's parent training program in reducing the symptoms of anxiety and ADHD in children. Journal of Exceptional Children. 2017;17(3):111-120. [Persian]##Javadi TH, Borjali M, Borjali A. Effectiveness of Barkley's behavioral parent training in reducing symptoms of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2013;17(6):47-52. [Persian]##Alizadehfard, S, Mohtashami, T, Tadris Tabrizi, M. The effectiveness of parents training program on social skills of children with learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilitie. 2016;5(3):89-107. [Persian]##Kadkhodaie MS, Ahmadi A, Abedi A. The effect of Barkley's parenting program on mental health of mothers of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in elementary school (7-12) in Isfahan. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2017;18(3):12-24. [Persian]##Goodarzi MA, Hashemi R, Taghavi MR. The effect of behavioral training of mothers with conduct disorder children on behavior performance problems in their children. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2018;19(1):1-9. [Persian]##Reyno SM, McGrath PJ. Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems-a meta‐analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006;47(1): 99-111.##Liu S. Adding emotion-regulation techniques into the Barkley's behavioral parent training program for parents of school-aged children with ADHD. Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence. 2012;5(60):196-201.##Wallace NM, Quetsch LB, Robinson C, McCoy K, McNeil CB. Infusing parent-child interaction therapy principles into community-based wraparound services: An evaluation of feasibility, child behavior problems, and staff sense of competence. Children and Youth Services Review. 2018;88:567-581.##Delavar A. Research Method in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Nashre Virayesh Publishing; 2012. [Persian]##Biabangard E. A comparison of social skills between blind, deaf and normal high school female student in Tehran. Journal of Exceptional Children. 2005;5(1):55-68. [Persian]##Shahim, S. Compare social skills and behavior problems in a group of normal children and those with learning disabilities at home and school. Journal of Education & Psychology. 2003; 33(138): 121. [Persian]##Sabzevar M, Liaghatdar M, Abedi A. The comparison of social Skills components of primary students at without bag schools and public schools of Isfahan. New Educational Approaches. 2015;10(1):105-120. [Persian]##Shahim S, Mehrangiz L, Yousefi F. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a group of elementary school children. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;17(2):211-216. [Persian]##Dortaj FA, Mohammadi AK. Family Functioning in 7-15 year old Children with and without ADHD in Tabriz City. Journal of##Family Research. 2010; 6(2):211-216. [Persian]## ##

The Effectiveness of Hope Therapy on Improving the Elderly Quality of Life اثربخشی امیددرمانی بربهبود کیفیت زندگی سالمندان مراکز روزانه آسایشگاه شهرستان مهریز 2 2 Background: Elderly is an era of life, which affects quality of life; aging changes the thinking ways and reduces the self-confidence. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hope therapy on the elderly quality of life in Mehriz, Yazd in 2016 - 2017. Methods: In this controlled study with pre-test post-test design, the study population consisted of all elderly people who referred to daily care centers of Mehriz. The sample consisted of 24 elderly women in the daily care centers, who were divided into two groups of experimental (n = 12) and awaiting (n = 12).Hope therapy was provided in eight sessions for the experimental group. The instrument used in this research was Quality of Life Scale for the Elderly. Results: The MANOVA results showed a significant difference between the experimental and awaiting groups. In the experimental group, physical function, depression, anxiety, mental performance, and life satisfaction improved, but education did not affect the sex dimension. Hope therapy, was effective on improving the elderly quality of life. Conclusion: The studied training can be used as an effective treatment to improve the elderly quality of life.   360 368 2018/08/132018/09/252018/09/292018/08/132018/12/162018/10/272018/12/72018/09/9 1397/6/18 2019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/32019/06/3 1398/3/13 Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Leila.farzadegan@yahoo.com Mansoreh Nourian Mansoreh Nourian Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran zareei_h@yahoo.com Seyed Reza Javadian Seyed Reza Javadian Department of Sociology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Elahe Fallah Tafti Elahe Fallah Tafti Department of Counseling, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hope Therapy Depression Quality of Life Elderly MANOVA Habibi S, Nikpour S, Sohbatzadeh R, Haghani H. Quality of life in elderly people of west of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2007;2(6-7):29-36.##Rocha FL, Uchoa E, Guerra HL, Firmo JO, Vidigal PG, Lima Costa MF. Prevalence of sleep complaints and associated factors in community-dwelling older people in Brazil: The Bambuı Health and Ageing Study (BHAS). Sleep Medicine. 2002;3(3):231-238.##Fayers PM, Machin D. Quality of life: Assessment, analysis and interpretation. New York: John Wiley; 2000. P:28-42.##King A, Proutt A, Phillips A. Comparative effects of two physical functioning and quality of life out comes in older adults. Journal Gerontology Medical Sciences. 2006;137(70):825-832.##Group TW. The World Health Organization Quality Of Life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine. 1998;46(12):1569-1585.##Nejat S. Quality of life and its measurement. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;4(2):57-62##Cavallero P, Morino Abbele F, Bertocci B. The social relations of the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2007;44:97-100.##Salarvand S, Abedi HA. Causes and motivations of elderly home residency from residents' point of view. Feyz. 2008;12(2):55-61##Barry PP. An overview of special considerations in the evaluation and management of the geriatric patient. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000;95(1):8-10.##Hesamzadeh A, Maddah SB, Mohammadi F, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Rahgozar M. Comparison of elderlys" quality of life" living at homes and in private or public nursing homes. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2010;4(4):66-74.##Farhadi, R. Social issues and the environment in the elderly. Proceedings of the Elderly. Disabled seniors' nursing home facility. Ladies philanthropist. 2009.##Vender Zendon JW. Developmental psychology. [Translated by: Ganji H.] Savalan Publish; 2009. P: 293.##Berk L. Development through the lifespan. [Translated by: Yahya Sayed Mohammadi. 4th ed. Tehran: Publication Arasbaran; 2015.##Kar A. Positive Psychology. [Translated by: Pasha Sharifi H, Najafi Zand M.] Tehran: Sokhan Publisher; 2006.##Wells M. The effects of gender, age, and anxiety on hope: Differences in the expression of pathways and agency thought. Texas A&M University-Commerce; 2005.##Snyder CR. Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Academic Press; 2000.##Calvetti PÜ, Muller MC, Nunes ML. Quality of life and spiritual well-being in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Psicologia em Estudo. 2008;13(3):523-530.##Higgins RL, Snyder CR. Handbook of social and clinical psychology (the health perspective): Reality negotiation and excuse-making. 1991:79-95.##Vilhauer JS, Cortes J, Moali N, Chung S, Mirocha J, Ishak WW. Improving quality of life for patients with major depressive disorder by increasing hope and positive expectations with future directed therapy (FDT). Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 2013;10(3):12-22.##Sotodeh AN, Neshat DH, Kalantari M, Talebi H, Mehrabi HA, Khosravi AR. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on the reduction of Tobacco Dependency in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences. 2011;9(2):94-103.##Gergen, KJ, Davis KE. The social construction of the person. New York: Springer Verlag; 1985##Sajadi H, Biglarian A. Quality of life among elderly women in Kahrizak charity foundation, Tehran, Iran. Payesh. 2007;6(2):105-108.##Winter Y, Korchounov A, Zhukova TV, Bertschi NE. Depression in elderly patients with Alzheimer dementia or vascular dementia and its influence on their quality of life. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2011;2(1):27.##Barcelos Ferreira R, Nakano EY, Steffens DC, Bottino CM. Quality of life and physical activity associated to lower prevalence of depression in community-dwelling elderly subjects from Sao Paulo. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013; 150(2):616-622.##Scheier MF, Carver CS. Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1992;16(2): 201-228.##Drach Zahavy A, Somech A. Coping with health problems: The distinctive relationships of hope sub-scales with constructive thinking and resource allocation. Personality and Individual Differences. 2002;33(1):103-117.##Ong AD, Edwards LM, Bergeman CS. Hope as a source of resilience in later adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 41(7):1263-1273.##ALIPOUR F, SAJADI H, Forouzan A, Biglarian A. The role of social support in elderly quality of life. Social Welfare. 2009. 9)33(:147-165.##Farzadegan L, Mahmoodabadi HZ, Nasirian M. The efficacy of hope therapy on the elderly depression in Mehriz day care centers. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences. 2016; 5(5):329-334.##Farnia F, Baghshahi N, Zarei H. The effectiveness of group hope therapy on happiness in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2016;14(6):543-550##Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Younesi J. The effectiveness of cognitive techniques on improvement of family function in mal adjusted couples. Journal of Daneshvar Raftar. 2009;29:35-52.##Pourmovahed Z, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Yassini Ardekani SM, Fallahzadeh H, Tavangar H, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS. Validation of the Family Stability Questionnaire in married couples: A confirmatory factor analysis. Electronic Physician. 2018;10(8):7185-7195.##Pourmovahed Z, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Zareei Mahmoodabadi H, Tavangar H, Yassini Ardekani SM, Vaezi AA. Deficiency of self-efficacy in problem-solving as a contributory factor in family instability: A qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):32- 39.##Zareei Mahmoodabadi H , Sardadvar N, Nasirian M. Effectiveness of Psycho-Educational Intervention in Improving Symptoms of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and General Family Functioning of Companions. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2018; 20(12): e58377.##Mahmoodabadi H, Bahrami F, Ahmadi A, Etemadi O, Zadeh M. The Effectiveness of Retraining Attribution Styles (Cognitive Therapy) on Dimensions of Family Functioning in Divorce Applicant Couples. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2012; 4(2): 257-263.## ##