Trends and Prospects in Public Health Education: A commentary موضوعات داغ و چشم انداز در آموزش بهداشت عمومی: تفسیر 2 1 هدف از این تفسیر به بحث در مورد روند در مداخلات آموزش بهداشت عمومی است که روند در زمینه پزشکی منعکس کرده اند. مداخلات نسل اول در طب در شناسایی علائم و نشانه های بالینی و فراست در رسیدن به تشخیص و درمان متمرکز شده است. به همین ترتیب، مداخلات نسل اول در آموزش بهداشت بر مداخلات ساختمان دانش متمرکز شده است. مداخلات نسل دوم در پزشکی بالینی بر استفاده از تحقیقات آزمایشگاهی در تصمیم گیری و درمان متمرکز شده است. به طور مشابه، مداخلات نسل دوم در آموزش بهداشت بر مهارت های ساختمان در شرکت کنندگان متمرکز شده است. مداخلات نسل سوم در طب مداخلات مبتنی بر شواهد و در تصمیم گیری بر اساس داده های کارآزمایی های شاهددار تصادفی متمرکز شده است. به همین طریق، در زمینه آموزش بهداشت مداخلات نسل سوم نیز مبتنی بر شواهد و با تکیه بر استفاده از تئوریهای رفتاری برای کمک به کسب رفتار و تغییر دهید. مداخلات نسل چهارم در پزشکی بالینی مداخلات دقت است که استفاده از پیشرفت در ژنومیکس و فن آوری است. به ترتیب، مداخلات نسل چهارم در آموزش بهداشت نیز با استفاده از تکنولوژی و نظریه های متعدد برای بهینه سازی تغییر رفتار سلامت. یک تئوری این امیدوار کننده و در حال ظهور در این زمینه در مدل چند نظریه (MTM) تغییر رفتار سلامت که بر اساس آن پیش بینی شده است که مداخلات آموزش بهداشت عمومی جدیدتر طراحی خواهد شد، اجرا و ارزیابی است. 2 No Abstract. 67 72 2017/11/15 1396/8/24 مانوج شارما Manoj Sharma School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Mississippi, United States. 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Estimate the Health Literacy in Health Centers in the Border of Yazd City: Cross sectional study تخمین سواد سلامت در مراکز بهداشتی درمانی حاشیه شهر یزد: مطالعه مقطعی 2 2 Background: Health literacy in the 21st century is an issue for global debate, which has also introduced a number of factors including an increase in non-communicable diseases. The use of mass communication, especially the Internet has resulted in increased attention on the importance of health literacy. Due to the importance of health literacy of women, the purpose of this study is to assess health literacy in women subscribing to health centers in the border of Yazd. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 250 women referred to health centers in the periphery of Yazd city, they were selected using simple random sampling method, and data was collected using a standard questionnaire of functional health literacy in adults. Collected information was analyzed by the SPSS18 software and appropriate non-parametric tests. Results: Most participants' were of ages between 18 - 30 years. Questions were administered in the areas of health literacy, access area, information access, information understanding, judgment and assessment. Results indicated that 25.2, 56.6, and 19.6% were good, but the percentage of women in area judging from collated information in this category was not good. Regarding use of information, 84.4% of women were in the middle class, but none of them was classified in good category. Conclusion: Health literacy of women in general was unacceptable, and recommendations were made to establish continuous training for women to improve their views. Also consideration should be given to centers to plan the transformation of health literacy which has been launched, to increase the Health literacy of the population being studied as recipients of health services. 73 80 2017/06/7 1396/3/17 2017/11/152017/10/10 1396/7/18 Sakineh Gerayllo Sakineh Gerayllo Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Zohreh Karimian Kakolaki Zohreh Karimian Kakolaki Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Hosein Fallahzadeh Hosein Fallahzadeh Department of Biostatistics, Research Center of Prevention & Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Farahnaz Khabiri Farahnaz Khabiri Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Health Literacy Evaluation Women Health Center Yazd Mollakhalili H, Papi A, Sharifirad Gh, Zare Farashbandi F, Hasanzadeh A. A survey on health literacy of inpatients educational hospitals of isfahan university of medical sciences. Health Information Management. 2014;11(4):464-473.##Ozdemir H, Alper Z, Uncu Y, Bilgel N. Health literacy among adults: A study from Turkey. Health Education Research. 2010; 25(3):464-477.##Horowitz AM, Kleinman DV. Oral health literacy: The new imperative to better oral health. Dental Clinics of North America. 2008;52(2):333-344.##La Vonne AD, Zun LS. 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A Study of the Effectiveness of Group Spiritual Intelligence Training on Self-Efficacy and Social Responsibility of Secondary School Girls in Shahrekord 2 2 Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group spiritual intelligence training on self-efficacy and social responsibility of high school secondary school students in Shahrekord. Methods: The parallel intervention research method was used in this study. The statistical population included all female secondary school students in Shahrekord during the academic year 1393 - 1394. Random cluster sampling was used to select the samples. Out of the distributed questionnaires, 30 individuals were randomly selected among those whose score in the self-efficacy and responsibility questionnaires was a standard deviation less than average, and then the subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the intervention group received spiritual intelligence training in groups in 12 sessions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics by SPSS23 software. Results: The results of the data analysis showed that group training of spiritual intelligence has a significant effect on the improvement of self-efficacy and social responsibility of students (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Spiritual intelligence training plays an important role in promoting the mental health of students. Therefore, promoting self-efficacy and social responsibility, which are fundamental steps in achieving optimal mental health, should be emphasized and monitored in school training. 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General self‐efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology. 2005;40(2):80-89.##Schwarzer R, Boehmer S, Luszczynska A, Mohammad N, Knoll N. Dispositional self-efficacy as a personal resource factor in coping after surgery. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005;39(4):807-818.##Zohar, Danah, Marshall Ian. SQ: Connecting with our spiritual intelligence. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA; 2000.##Amram JY, Dryer D. Christopher. The Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS): Development and preliminary validation. [PRESANTATION] at: 116th Annual Conference Of The American Psychological Association; 2008 Aug 14-17; Boston, MA. Palo Alto: CA.##Amram JY. The contribution of emotional and spiritual intelligence to effective business leadership. [Doctorate Thesis]. Palo Alto, California. Institute of Transpersonal Psychology; 2009.##Ardeshiri Lordejani F, Sharifi T, Ghasemi Pirbalooti M. 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Effectiveness of Child-Centered Mindfulness on Social Skills and Self-Efficacy of Children with Learning Disabilities اثربخشی ذهن‌آگاهی کودک محور بر مهارت‌های اجتماعی و خودکارآمدی کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری 2 1 مقدمه: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی ذهن‌آگاهی کودک محور بر مهارت‌های اجتماعی و خودکارآمدی کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری انجام گرفت. روش: روش پژوهش حاضر نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون- پس آزمون با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر، شامل تمام کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری شهر اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 96-1395 بود. در این پژوهش از روش نمونه‌گیری غیراحتمالی در دسترس و گمارش تصادفی استفاده شد. بدین صورت که از بین کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری مراجعه کننده به مراکز مشاوره آموزش و پرورش، تعداد 30 کودک مبتلا به صورت هدفمند و در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت گمارش تصادفی در گروه‌های آزمایش و گروه کنترل گمارده شدند. گروه آزمایش مداخله آموزشی را طی دو ماه و نیم در 10 جلسه 50 دقیقه‌ای دریافت نمودند. این در حالی بود که افراد حاضر در گروه گواه این مداخله را در طول فرایند انجام پژوهش دریافت نکردند. پرسشنامه‌های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه خودکارآمدی(موریس و همکاران، 2001) و مهارت‌های اجتماعی کودکان(ماستن، 1980) بود. داده‌های حاصل از پژوهش به شیوه تحلیل کواریانس توسط نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS23 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که درمان مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی کودک محور بر مهارت‌های اجتماعی و خودکارآمدی کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری موثر بوده است. این بدان معنی است که درمان ذهن‌آگاهی توانسته به شکل معناداری، موجب افزایش مهارت‌های اجتماعی و خودکارامدی کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری شود(P<0.001). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر می‌توان چنین نتیجه گرفت که درمان مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی کودک محور می‌تواند به عنوان یک درمان کارآمد جهت بهبود مهارت‌های اجتماعی و خودکارآمدی کودکان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری مورد استفاده گیرد. واژه‌های کلیدی: درمان ذهن‌آگاهی کودک محور، خودکارآمدی، مهارت‌های اجتماعی، ناتوانی یادگیری 2 Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of child-centered mindfulness on social skills and self-efficacy of children with learning disabilities. Methods: The present semi-experimental study was conducted using a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study comprised all children with learning disabilities in Isfahan during the academic year of 2016 - 2017. In this research, non-random convenient sampling method was used and 30 children with learning disabilities were selected who were referred to educational counseling centers and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. This study utilized self-efficacy and social skills questionnaires for children. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: The results of data analysis showed that child-centered mindfulness therapy was effective on social skills and self-efficacy of children with learning disabilities. This means that mindfulness therapy was able to significantly increase the social skills and self-efficacy of children with learning disabilities (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that child-centered mindfulness therapy can be used as an effective treatment for improving social skills and self-efficacy of children with learning disabilities. 91 99 2017/06/72017/06/152017/07/7 1396/4/16 2017/11/152017/10/102017/10/292017/10/29 1396/8/7 Mozhgan Ghasemi Bistagani Mozhgan Ghasemi Bistagani School of Psychology and Science Education, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Iran mozhgan47ghasemi94@gmail.com Fahime Musavi Najafi Fahime Musavi Najafi School of Psychology and Science Education, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Tehran, Iran. Iran yegan1381@yahoo.com Mindfulness Therapy Self-Efficacy Social Skills Learning Disability Wang TY, Huang CH. The performance on a computerized attention assessment system between children with and without learning disabilities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012;64:202-208.##Swanson HL, Kehler, P, Jerman O. Working memory, strategy knowledge, and strategy instruction in children with reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2010;43(1):2447.##Kakabaraee K, Arjmandnia AA, Afrooz G. The study of awareness and capability of primary school teachers in identifying students with learning disability in the province of Kermanshah, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012;46:2615-2619.##Naderi E, Seif Naraghi M. Learning Disorders. Tehran: Amir Kabir pub; 2012. [Persian]##Gnji H. Psychopathology based on dsm5. Tehran: Arasbaran pub; 2013. [Persian]##Shahim S. Comparison of social skills and behavioral problems in two groups of normal children with learning disabilities at home and at school. Journal of Psychology & Education. 2003;33(1):121-138. [Persian]##Lagasse AB. Effects of a music therapy group intervention on enhancing social skills in children with autism. Journal of Music Therapy. 2014;51(3):250-275.##Gresham FM, Watson TS, Skinner CH. Functional behavioral assessment: Principles, procedures, and future directions. School Psychology Review. 2001;30(2):150-172.##Mafra H. Development of learning and social skills in children with learning disabilities: An educational intervention program. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;209:221-228.##Chambers R, Gullone E, Allen NB. Mindful Emotion Regulation: On Integrative Review, Clinical Psychology Review. 2009;29(6):560-572.##Hagh Ranjbar F,Kakavand A, Danesh E. Comparison of self-efficacy, emotional disturbances and loneliness in learning disabilities and normal students. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2012;5(4): 42-58.##Linnebrink EA, Pintrich PR. The role of self-efficacy beliefs in student engagement and learning in the classroom. Regarding & Writing Quarterly. 2003;19(2):119-137.##Zajacova A, Lynch SM, Espenshade TJ. Self efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education. 2005;46(6):678-706.##Sun JC, Rueda R. Situational interest, computer self-efficacy and self-regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2012;43(2):191-204.##Semple RJ, Lee J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children, applications across the lifespan. 2014.##Perry Parrish C, Copeland Linder N, Webb L, Sibinga EM. mindfulness-based approaches for children and youth. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 2016;46(6):172-178.##Miller CJ, Brooker B. Mindfulness programming for parents and teachers of children with ADHD. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2017;28:108-115.##Jimenez SS, Niles BL, Park CL. A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: Positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010;49(6):645-650.##Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B. Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2006;62(3):373-386.##Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relaps. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Book Review. 2007;3:351.##Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2004;57(1):35-43.##Klassen RM, Lynch SL. Self-efficacy from the perspective of adolescents with learning disabilities and their specialist teachers. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2007;40(6):494-507.##Lee Swanson H, Harris K, Graham S. Handbook of learning disabilities. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2013.##Delavar A. Research method in psychology and educational sciences. Tehran: Virayesh pub; 1999. [Persian]##Burdic D, Lcswr BCN. Mindfulness skills for kids and teens. PESI Publishing and Media; 2014.##Matson JL, Rotatori AF, Helsel WJ. Development of a rating scale to measure social skills in children: The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY). Behavior Research and Therapy. 1983;21(4):335-340.##Yosefi F, Khair M. A study on the reliability and the validity of the matson evaluation of social skills with youngstres (MESSY) and sex differences in social skills of high school students in Shiraz, Iran. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities of Shiraz University. 2002;18(2):159-170. [Persian]##Farmer RF, Sundberg ND. Boredom proneness the development and correlates of a new scale. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1986;50(1):4-17.##Muris P, Schmidt H, Lambrichs R, Meesters C. Protective and vulnerability factors of depression in normal adolescents. Behavior Research and Theory. 2001;39(5):555-565.##Tahmassian K, Jazayeri A, Mohammad Khani P, Ghazi Tabatabayi M. Direct & indirect impact of social self-efficacy on adolescents depression: Social-efficacy pathways to depression. Social Welfare. 2006;5(19):113-124. [Persian]##Ritvo P, Vora K, Irvine J, et al. Reductions in negative automatic thought in students attending mindfulness tutorials predicts increased life satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Psychology. 2013;2(3):272-296.##Ames CS, Richardson J, Payne S, Smith P, Leigh E. Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy for depression in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2014;19(1):74-78.##Bieling PJ, Hawley LL, Bloch RT, et al. Treatment-specific changes in decentering following mindfulness based cognitive therapy versus antidepressant medication or placebo for prevention of depressive relapse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2012;80(3):365. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0027483##Goldin PR, Gross JJ. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion. 2010;10:83-91.## ##

The Effect of Health Education based on Health Belief Model on Preventive Actions of Synthetic Drugs Dependence in Male Students of Kerman, Iran 2 2 Background: Drug dependence among adolescents and youths is one of the biggest concerns in today’s societies. Drug addiction is a serious threat to society. This study was conducted to determine the effect of health education based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventive actions of synthetic drugs dependence among students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used pre- and post-method and was conducted on 100 students of the second and third grade in Kerman who were selected randomly. The data collection tool was a questionnaire designed based on HBM, awareness and preventive actions of synthetic drug dependence. Before the educational intervention, the questionnaire was completed by both groups, and then the educational intervention was conducted for the intervention group in the form of 2 training sessions for one and a half hour. Later, 2 months after educational intervention, information was analyzed again for both groups. Results were analyzed through Paired t-test, Independent t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlation. Results: Findings of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores related to HBM structures (sensitivity, severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy) in intervention and control groups about the preventive behaviors of drug dependency before and after educational intervention. In addition, the intervention group had better performance in preventive behaviors than the control group 2 months after the end of the training program. In other words, the value of performance increased significantly from 14 to 16.84, 2 months after the educational intervention (P-value < 0.05). Furthermore, a direct and significant correlation was observed between the awareness, structures of the model (except for perceived barriers), and preventive behaviors (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Findings indicated that by increase of HBM components' average scores, the average score of synthetic drug dependence preventive actions increased too. Therefore, results of the research confirm the effect and efficiency of HBM in making preventive actions of drug dependence. 100 107 2017/06/72017/06/152017/07/72017/01/15 1395/10/26 2017/11/152017/10/102017/10/292017/10/292017/05/28 1396/3/7 Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Saeede Khoshab Saeede Khoshab Department of Health Education & Promotion, Yazd International Campus, Yazd, Iran Iran Fereshteh Sohrabi Vafa Fereshteh Sohrabi Vafa Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Hosein Fallahzadeh Hosein Fallahzadeh Department of Biostatistics, Research Center of Prevention & Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd , Iran. Iran Health Education Health Belief Model Drug Dependence Students Esmatpanah Khakshor OA, Khakshor H. The Effectiveness of Life Skills Training on Tendency toward Opium in Clients who referred to Rehabilitation and Treatment Centers of Addiction. Research on Addiction. 2010;3(12):41-52. [Persian]##Tavousi M, Heidarnia A, Montazeri A, Taromian F, Ahmadi M. A theory based intervention: Effect on substance abuse prevention in adolescents. Payesh. 2010;10(1):91-99. [Persian]##Rahimi Movaghar A, Shimi A. Substances use situation in Iranian students. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2006;19:9-29. [Persian]##Arfaee SM. Addiction and its tragedy. 1st ed. Navid Issued Shiraz; 2003.##Clark DB, Kirisci L, Tarter RE. Adolescent versus adult onset and the development of substance use disorders in males. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998;49(2):115-121.##Agha Bakhshi H, Sedighi B, Eskandari M. Factor's affecting trends in youth drug abuse industrial. Social Research. 2009; 4:71-75. [Persian]##Tabatabaei S, Nesari Kh, Biabani G. A comparative study of youth industrial substance abuse referred to addiction centers in Semnan city with ordinary people in mental disorders. J Stud Soc Secur. 2010;23:119-131. [Persian]##Bunn JY, Bosompra K, Ashikaga T, Flynn BS, Worden JK. Factors influencing intention to obtain a genetic test for colon cancer risk: A population- based study. Preventive Medicine. 2002;34(6):567-577.##Sharifirad G, Entezari MH, Kamran A, Azadbakht L. The effectiveness of nutritional education on the knowledge of diabetic patients using the health belief model. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2009;14(1):1-6.##Gossop M, Grant M. Preventing and controlling drug abuse. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990.##Dehghani Kh, Zare A, Dehghani H, Sedghi H, Pourmovehed Z. Drug abuse prevalence and risk factors in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Journal of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. 2010;18(3):164-169. [Persian]##Shojaei Zadeh D, Changizi M, Sadeghi R. The Effect of Education about Addiction through Health Belief Model (HBM) on Knowledge and Perceptions of High School Students in Shadegan. Journal of Science and Today's World. 2014;3(6):240-244.##Solhi M, Abolfathi M. The effect of education about prevention of addiction through health belief model (HBM) on knowledge and perceptions of high school students in Saveh. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2013;1(2):31-40. [Persian]##Rahnavard Z, Mohammadi M, Rajabi F, Zolfaghari M. An educational intervention using Health Belief Model on smoking preventive behavior among female teenagers. Journal of Hayat. 2011;17(3):15-26. [Persian]##Shamsi M, Bayati A, Mohammadbeigi A, Tajik R. The effect of educational program based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventive behavior of self-medication in woman with pregnancy in Arak, Iran. Pejouhandeh Research Journal. 2010;14(6):324-31. [Persian]##Lotfi Mainbolagh B, Rakhshani F, Zareban I, Montazerifar F, Alizadeh Sivaki H, Parvizi Z. The effect of peer education based on health belief model on nutrition behaviors in primary school boys. Journal of Research & Health Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center. 2012;2(2):214-225. [Persian]##Alizadeh Siuki H, Jadgal K, Shamaeian Razavi N, Zareban I, Heshmati H, Saghi N. Effects of health education based on Health Belief Model on nutrition behaviors of primary school students in Torbat e Heydariyeh City in 2012. Journal of Health. 2015;5(4):289-299. [Persian]##Najimi A, Alidousti M, Moazemi Goudarzi A. A survey on preventive behaviors of high school students about Influenza A based on health belief model in Shahrekord, Iran. Health System Research. 2010;6(1):14-22. [Persian]##Khorsandi M, Shamsi M, Jahani F. The effect of education based on Health Belief Model on osteporosis preventive behaviors among pregnant women referred to Arak health centers. Daneshvar. 2010;18(89):23-32. [Persian]##Tavassoli E, Hasanzadeh A, Ghiasvand R, Tol A, Shojaezadeh D. Effect of health education based on the Health Belief Model on improving nutritional behavior aiming at preventing cardiovascular disease among housewives in Isfahan. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2010;8(3):12-23. [Persian]##Taremian F, Mehryar AH. Effectiveness of life skills training program in prevention of drug use among secondary school students. Journal of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. 2009;16(65):77-88. [Persian]##Fadaei S, Zareei Zavaraki E. Evaluate the effects of hallucinogenic Drugs multimedia educational on attitude and awareness among students. Quarterly Journal of Research on Addiction. 2013:6(24):69-77. [Persian]##Raeesi Z, Zamani Alavijeh F, Asadollahi A, Rostam Niakan Sh. Impact of Social Skills on Drug Abstinence Self-Efficacy amongst boys Students in Ahwaz City/Iran. Health System Research. 2014;2019-2033. [Persian]##Beaulieu MA, Jason LA. A drug abuse prevention program aimed at teaching seventh grade students' problem-solving strategies. Children and Youth Services Review. 1988;10(2):131-149.##Botvin GJ, Griffin KW, Paul E, Macaulay AP. Preventing tobacco and alcohol use among elementary school students through life skills training. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse. 2003;12(4):1-7.##Cuijpers P. Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review. Addictive behaviors. 2002;27(6):1009-1023.##Heckman CJ, Dykstra JL, Collins BN. Substance related knowledge, attitude, and behavior among college students: Opportunities for health education. Health Education Journal. 2011;70(4):383-399.## ##

The Role of Public Places in Increasing the Tendency to Addiction in Yazd City in 2015 نقش فضاهای عمومی مثل آرایشگاهها، پارک‌ها، مراکز ورزشی، قهوه‌خانه‌ها وکافی‌شاپ‌ها با گرایش به اعتیاد در شهریزد 2 2 Background: Addiction is a serious threat to the health of a community, such that treatment costs and the likelihood of its high recurrence necessitate a turning point in the areas of prevention. Considering the role of public places in shaping the motives and beliefs of individuals, this research was conducted with the aim of studying the role of these places in creating a tendency toward addiction in Yazd. Methods: Cross-sectional method was employed in this research and the statistical population consisted of citizens aged 15 - 50 years old in Yazd of which, 400 samples were selected by multistage cluster sampling and they were studied using a self-made questionnaire. Results: The findings unveiled that there is a direct and significant relationship between the use of public places and the tendency to addiction and the highest percentage of drug distribution in parks was observed by 35.8% of respondents. Similarly, 19% in cafes, 9.3% in coffee shops, 6.5% in gyms and 4.1% in hairdressers observed drug distribution. Locations with less damage were government-licensed and located on main streets. Also, there was a significant relationship between the family's supervision of the children's travel and the unreliable trust of visitors to these places with tendency toward drug use. Conclusion: Identification of unlicensed personal service centers and outlying sites, monitoring smoking and drug use in parks and cafes and applying age restrictions and regulations in entry to these places, while paying attention to the companionship of families with their offspring are effective strategies to reduce the tendency toward addiction. 108 118 2017/06/72017/06/152017/07/72017/01/152017/05/15 1396/2/25 2017/11/152017/10/102017/10/292017/10/292017/05/282017/10/30 1396/8/8 اکبر زارع شاه آبادی Akbar Zare Shahabadi School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran a_zare@yazd.ac.ir Zakieh Soleimani Zakieh Soleimani School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Addiction Public Places Tendency Drugs Cafe Yazd Sotudeh H. Social pathology (sociology of deviations).7th ed. Tehran: Avayeh Nour Publication; 2001. P: 191-192##Tafreshi H. Addiction statistics in Iran. Razi. 2011;23(2):144-151.##Ministry of Health. There are 2,200,000 permanent addicts with daily intake in the country. Available at: URL: http://www.asriran.com/fa/news/233286. Accessed September 24, 2012.##Iran Drug Control Headquarters. The creation of 7 drug addiction camps. Available at: URL: http://yon.ir/JmZy7. Accessed June25, 2013.##Georgian B. Drug and delinquency. Journal of Medical, Legal, Criminology and Neurology. 2001;6(19):75-82.##Çırakoğlu OC, Işın G. Perception of drug addiction among Turkish university students: Causes, cures, and attitudes. Addictive Behaviors. 2005;30(1):1-8.##Wright S, Klee H. Violent crime, aggression and amphetamine: What are the implications for drug treatment services?. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2001;8(1):73-90.##Shahabpour Arbab M. Comparison of the frequency of psychiatric disorders in addicts and normal people. [Doctorate Thesis]. Iran. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; 2005. [Persian]##Jahangiri P, Gholamzadeh Na. Reviewing the relationship between societal control and tendency toward drug abuse among the youth. Societal Security Studies. 2011;26:129-155.##The Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA). Eight people fall victim to drug abuse every day. Available at: URL: http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81372304. Accessed November 1, 2014.##Iranian Students' News Agency (ISNA). Iran's addicts are more than Afghanistan. Available at: URL: http://www.shahrekhabar.com/analysis/ 1399363140018219. Accessed May 6, 2014.##Iranian Students' News Agency (ISNA). 63 percent of addicts are married. Available at: URL: http://www.isna.ir/news/95071409196/. Accessed Oct 6, 2016.##Iranian Students' News Agency (ISNA).The actual statistics of addiction were announced in universities. Available at: URL:http://www.ghatreh.com/news/nn1804469. Accessed Feb 16, 2013.##Sarvela PD, McClendon EJ. Indicators of rural youth drug use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 1988;17(4):335-47.##Taylor RB. Crime and small-scale places: What we know, what we can prevent, and what else we need to know. At: Crime and place: Plenary Papers of the 1997 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation; 1997 Jul; Washington, DC. National Institute of Justice; 1998: 3.##Felson M, Ronald WY. Opportunity and delinquency: Practical approach for the prevention of delinquency. 1th ed. Zanjan: Publishing of Danesh; 2009. P: 15.##Sherman LW, Gartin PR, Buerger ME. Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology. 1989;27(1):27-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j. 1745-9125.1989.tb00862.x##Braga AA. Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2005;1(3):317-42.##Gonzales AR, Schofield RB, Hart SV,et al. Available at: URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/209393.pdf. Accessed Oct 25, 2017.##Majlesi M, Mardani H. Ambience detection and analysis of crime centers of bag theft, picking pockets, robbery in Zanjan township. Danesh e Entezami. 2012;4(57):91-115.##Kashaniju Kh. Recognizing of theoretical trends in relation to urban public spaces. Hoviatshahr. 2010;4(6):95-106.##Carmona M. Heath T, Oc T, Tiesdell S. Public places-urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. 1th ed. Boston, MA: Architectural Press; 2003. P: 112.##Center for Statistics of Iran. Results of population and housing public census 2011. Available at: URL: https://nnt.sci.org.ir/sites/nnt/SitePages/report_90/ostani/ostani_population_report_final_permision.aspx. Accessed March 30, 2015.##Moazami T. Basic biostatistics. Available at: URL: http://stat.bpums.ac.ir/Fa/Article-643.htm. November 1, 2014.##Levy PS, Lemeshow S. Sampling of populations: Methods and applications. 1th ed. Tehran: Statistics Institute; 2002. P: 300.##Hakim Zadeh H. Sampling, sampling conference. Available at: URL: http://www.raveshtahqiq.blogsky.com/1385/03/27/post-5. Accessed June 12, 2006.##Mehraein M. Research method and statistics. 1st ed. Tehran: Publication of Sociologists; 2010. P: 75.##Nazari MA. The role of advertising in Attitude change of students toward addiction of Region 16 in Tehran [MS Thesis]. Tehran: Faculty of psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; 2000.##Barouni Sh, Mehrdad R, Akbari E. A survey of ecstasy use among 15-25 year-olds in five areas of TEHRAN. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2008;65(11):49-54.##Ismail Pour N, Hazeri M, Dasta F. investigation of spatial distribution of police offices and its relationship with mass depression in Yazd. Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies. 2015;3(11):36-23.## ##

Knowledge of Male High School Students in Yazd and Rafsanjan (IRAN) Regarding Illicit Drugs Use as a Social Problem: A comparative study 2 2 Background: Substance misuse is often a destructive social and familial problem that can extremely damage the health and well-being of a country's national assets; namely, its adolescents. Since high school is the riskiest period regarding the potential exposure to illicit drug use, this study aimed to determine and compare the depth of knowledge in male high school students. In order to generate the components of an effective and targeted education program, the two cities of Rafsanjan and Yazd, Iran were investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, male high school students (n = 1913) from cities of Yazd (n = 1024) and Rafsanjan (n = 889) were selected through random stratified systematic cluster sampling. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaire surveying the students’ knowledge about illicit drugs. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 16 through descriptive (mean and relative frequency) and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, ANOVA, and t-test). Results: The mean (SD) of the students' knowledge about drugs in Yazd was 17.38 (11.39); in Rafsanjan it was 11.68 (8.68) (out of a possible total of 64) which showed a significant difference between the two cities (P-value < 0.0001). The mean (SD) score of knowledge about opiates (total possible score of 8) in Yazd was 5.4 (11.3) and in Rafsanjan was 5.92 (3.28), which was again statistically significant (P-value < 0.0001). Conclusion: Illicit drugs consumption remains a serious problem among Iranian adolescents. There is the need to implement preventive measures and counselling approaches in schools. Regarding the role of an addict in the family, increasing the knowledge of people about the negative effects of drugs use (especially opiates) might lead to the better prevention of this social problem and promotion of health. 119 125 2017/06/72017/06/152017/07/72017/01/152017/05/152017/02/2 1395/11/14 2017/11/152017/10/102017/10/292017/10/292017/05/282017/10/302017/05/28 1396/3/7 Zahra Pourmovahed Zahra Pourmovahed Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd , Iran Iran Behzad Roozbeh Behzad Roozbeh Department of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Nooshin Yoshany Nooshin Yoshany Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran High School Students Knowledge Social Problem Illicit Drugs Opiates Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Pickering RP. The 12 month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol##abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;74(3):223-234.##Aghakhani N, Eftekhari A, Zarei A, Moradi Y, Torabizadeh C. A study of the male high school male students' knowledge and attitude to drug dependence in Urmia, Iran, 2013. International Journal of School Health. 2015;2(1).##Rostami R, Nosratabadi M, Mohammadi F. Primary evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the AAS, MAC-R, and APS. Psychological Research. 2007;10:11-28. [Persian]##Jafari S, Rahimi Movaghar A, Craib K, Baharlou S, Mathias R. Socio-cultural factors associated with the initiation of opium use in Darab, Iran. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2009;7(2):376-388.##United Nations Office for Drug and Crime. 2005 World drug report. Available at: URL: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2005/volume_1_web.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2017.##Razzaghi EM, Rahimi AM, Hosseni M, Madani SM, Chatterjee A. Rapid situation assessment (RSA) of drug abuse in Iran (1998-1999). Available at: URL: www.unodc.org/pdf/iran/ publications/RSA2000SUMMARY.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2017.##Zia al-din H, Zarezadeh AR, Heshmati F. The prevalence rate of substance abuse and addiction and some relevant factors among junior and senior high school students in Kerman city (2000-2001). Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2006;13(2):84-94. [Persian]##Rozi S, Butt ZA, Akhtar S. Correlates of cigarette smoking among male college students in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):312.##Babaie Asl F. Evaluation of knowledge of high school students about drugs in Kerman. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2008;16(1):18-24.##EU Kids On-line questionnaire. London: The London Economics and Political Sciences. Available at: URL: http://www.lse.ac.uk/ media@lse/research/EUKid-s Online/Home. aspx. Accessed February 27, 2017.##World Health Organization Collaborative Cross-National Survey. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Questionnaire. Available at: URL: http://www.hbsc.org. Accessed February 27, 2017.##Villa A, Fazio A, Esposito A. Prevalence of alcohol and drug consumption and knowledge of drug/alcohol-related sexual assaults among Italian adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Sciences. 2016;1(3):241-250.##Barook U. 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Investigating Social Health and Its Related Factors among Male Prisoners of Urmia in 2016 بررسی سلامت اجتماعی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در مردان زندانی 2 1 سابقه و هدف: سلامت اجتماعی به عنوان یکی از مولفه های کلیدی سلامت، نقش مهمی در تضمین پویایی و کار آمدی هر جامعه ایفا کرده و یکی از محورهای ارزیابی سلامتی جوامع مختلف محسوب می شود هدف این مطالعه بررسی سلامت اجتماعی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در مردان زندانی می باشد. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی بر روی 200 مرد زندانی در سال1395 انجام شد. جهت سنجش سلامت اجتماعی از پرسش نامه سلامت اجتماعی Keyes و از پرسشنامه دموگرافیک مشتمل بر اطلاعات دموگرافیکی نوع جرم استفاده شد اطلاعات جمع آوری شده توسط نرم افزار spss16 و با استفاده از آزمون های کای دو و آنالیزواریانس یک طرفه و شفه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: میانگین نمره سلامت اجتماعی مردان زندانی، 11/10± 01/65 از مجموع نمره 100بود. سلامت اجتماعی با متغیرهای تحصیلات، وضعیت تاهل، شغل و وضعیت اقتصادی ارتباط معنی دار داشت. همچنین نتایج نشان داد مجرمین ضرب و جرح در پایین ترین سطح سلامت اجتماعی قرار داشتند. و از نظر آماری سلامت اجتماعی با نوع جرم معنادار بود.(P<0.05). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به معنادار بودن شدت جرم با سلامت اجتماعی مردان زندانی ، لازم است، سیاست های ارتقا سلامت اجتماعی در زندانیان اتخاذ گردد تا بدین طریق هم سایر ابعاد سلامت زندانیان ارتقا یابد و هم اینکه از وقوع مجدد جرم پیشگیری گردد. واژگان کلیدی: سلامت اجتماعی، مردان زندانی، جرم 2 Background: Social health, as one of the key components of health, plays an important role in ensuring the dynamism and efficacy of each society. It is considered as one of the health assessment criteria of various communities and prisoners have many health needs. The aim of this study was to assess social health and its related factors among male prisoners. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 200 male prisoners in the central prison of Urmia using simple random sampling method in 2016. The instruments included Keyes Social Health Questionnaire to measure social health and a demographic questionnaire containing demographic information on type of crime. The data analysis was performed using chi-square, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe tests in SPSS16. Results: Mean score of social health of male prisoners was 65.01 (10.11) from the total score of 100. Social health was associated with variables like education, marital status, occupation and economic status. The results also showed that assault offenders had the lowest level of social health and there was a significant relationship between social health and crime type (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the significant relationship between the crime type and the social health of male prisoners, it is necessary to adopt policies for the promotion of prisoners’ level of social health in order to improve their other health dimensions and to prevent the recurrence of crime. 126 133 2017/06/72017/06/152017/07/72017/01/152017/05/152017/02/22017/08/23 1396/6/1 2017/11/152017/10/102017/10/292017/10/292017/05/282017/10/302017/05/282017/11/8 1396/8/17 Morad Ali Zareipour Morad Ali Zareipour Health Center of Urmia, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran z.morad@yahoo.com Noshin Narmayoun Noshin Narmayoun Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Iran z.morad59@yahoo.com Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh Health Center of Urmia, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran z.morad@yahoo.com Social Health Male Prisoners Crime HassanAbadi H. The effectiveness of spiritual therapy group on the self-esteem of male prisoners in central Mashhad prison. Journal of Counseling Research. 2006;1(2):49-69. [Persian]##Zareipour MA, Javadi MH, Narmayoun N, Ghelichi Ghojogh M. The Relation between the Type of Crime Committed and the Mental Health Status of the Female Prisoners in Urmia. Social Behavior Research & Health. 2017;1(1):18-26.##World Health Organization. Women's health in prisons: correcting gender inequity in prison health. Available at: URL: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/107931/1/E92347.pdf. Accessed November 6, 2017.##Zareipour MA, Narmayoun N, Mahmoodi H, Jadgal Kh, Zare F. Investigating spiritual health and its relation to crime among female prisoners in Urmia (2016). Journal of Research on Religion Health. 2017;4(1):68-79. [Persian]##Plugge E, Douglas N, Fitzpatrick R. The health of women in prison study findings. Department of Public Health University of Oxford.##Hajnaghizade F, Sharifian M, Rafiey H. The relationship between social health and child well being. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2013;13(48): 7-27.##Firouzbakht M, Riahi ME, Tirgar A. A study of the effective factors on the women's social health: A review study in Persian scientific journals. Community Health. 2017;4(3):190-200. [Persian]##Fadayi Mehrebani M. Citizenship, media and social health (The transitory communities' media and citizens' social. Communication Research.2007;14(49):67-86. [Persian]##Keyes CL, Shapiro AD. Social well-being in the United States: A descriptive epidemiology. How Healthy Are We?. 2004:350-72.##Narmayoun N, Javadi MH, Zareipour MA. Comparison of mental health in female prisoners and non-prisoners in Urmia. Nursing Journal of the Vulnerable. 2017;4(10):44-54.##Abdollah Tabar H, Kaldi A, Mohagheghi Kamal H, Setare forouzan A, Salehi M. A study of social well-being among students. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2008;8(30-31):171-190. [Persian]##Mokhtari M, Ahmadi S, Moradi Shahbazi N, Safaei S. Relation between social capital and crime among criminals and noncriminals in Yasuj, Iran. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2014;14(52):201-226. [Persian]##Porafkari N. The examination of factors affecting social health'students in Paveh city. Journal of Social Sciences of Shooshtar Islamic Azad University. 2012;6(18):41-60.##Sharbatian MH. The semantic component reflecting the link between social health and the benefit of social health among the Mashhad payam noor student. Sociological Studies of Youth Journal. 2012;2(5):149-174.##Zare Shahabadi A, Kazemi S. Evaluating the effective factors on social health of elementary teachers in Yazd zone 1. The Journal of Tolooebehdasht. 2016;14(6):50-67. [Persin]##Fathi M, Ajamnejad R, Khakrangin M. Factors contributing to social health among teachers of Maraghe city. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2013;12(47):225-243. [Persian]##Yazdanpanah L, Nikvarz T. Relationship between Social Factors and Social Health among Students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Journal of Applied Sociology (1735-000X). 2015;59(3).##Saleh S, Zahedi Asl M. Correlation of social support with social health of psychiatry veterans wives. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2014;6(5):201-206.##Haery SM, Tehrani H, Olyaeimanesh A, Nedjat S. Factors influencing the social health of employees of the ministry of health and medical education in Iran. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2016;3(4):311-318.##Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR. The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review Of Public Health. 2011;32:381-398.##Zaki MA, Khoshouei MS. Factors affecting social well-being of the residents of the city of Isfahan. Urban Studies. 2013;3(8):79-108. [Persian]##Mahmoodi H, Golboni F, Nadrian H, Zareipour M, Shirzadi S, Gheshlagh RG. Mother-father differences in postnatal psychological distress and its determinants in Iran. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017;5(1):91.##Mozaffari N, Dadkhah B, Shamshiri M, Mohammadi MA, Nayeri ND. The status of social well-being in Iranian nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Caring Sciences. 2014;3(4):239.##Abdelah Tabar H, Kaldi AR, Mohagheghi Kamal SH, Setareh Forouzan A, Salehi M. A study of Social Wellbeing among students. Social Welfare. 2009;8(30-31):171-189.##Noorbala AA, Mohammad K. The validation of general health questionnaire-28 as a psychiatric screening tool. Hakim Research Journal. 2009;11(4):47-53.##Sadeghi R, Zareipour MA, Akbari H, Khan-Beygi M. Mental health and associated factors amongst women referred to health care centers. Journal of Health and Care. 2011;13(4).##Delpasand K, Khani S, Mohammadi P. Social support and crime; the comparative study of criminal and non-criminal youth in Ilam. Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran. 2012;1(2):89-120.##World Health Organization. Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary report. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/mental_health/en/. Accessed November 6, 2017.## ##