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COVID-19 and Psychological Damage Caused by Quarantine in Children 2 2 No Abstract   968 970 2023/02/20 1401/12/1 2023/04/29 1402/2/9 Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Department of Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University,Shahrekord, Iran Iran zohrehkarimian68@gmail.com COVID-19 Psychological damage Quarantine Children Boldt, K., Coenen, M., Movsisyan, A., Voss, S., Rehfuess, E., et al. (2021). Interventions to ameliorate the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children—A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(5), 2361. ##Bonardi, O., Wang, Y., Li, K., Jiang, X., Krishnan, A., et al. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 mental health interventions among children, adolescents, and adults not quarantined or undergoing treatment due to COVID-19 infection: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(5), 336-350. ##Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 49(1), 1-3. ##Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., Liu, J., Fang, S. F., Jiao, F. Y., et al. (2020). Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children during the COVID-19 Epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics. ##Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y.-T., Liu, Z., et al. (2020). Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e17-e18. ##Panda, P. K., Gupta, J., Chowdhury, S. R., Kumar, R., Meena, A. K., et al. (2021). Psychological and behavioral impact of lockdown and quarantine measures for ##COVID-19 pandemic on children, adolescents and caregivers: a systematic review and ##meta-analysis. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 67(1), fmaa122. ##Park, I., Oh, S. M., Lee, K. H., Kim, S., Jeon, J. E., et al. (2020). The moderating effect of sleep disturbance on the association of stress with impulsivity and depressed mood. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(3), 243. ##Saurabh, K., & Ranjan, S. (2020). Compliance and psychological impact of quarantine in children and adolescents due to Covid-19 pandemic. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87, 532-536. ##Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., et al. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. ##Sprang, G., & Silman, M. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 7(1), 105-110. ##Tremolada, M., Rosa, M., Incardona, R. M., Taverna, L., & Guidi, M. (2023). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychosocial Well-being and Adaptation in Children and Adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(3), 2132. ##Von Keudell, A., Koh, K. A., Shah, S. B., Harris, M. B., Smith, M., et al. (2016). Mental health after the Boston marathon bombing. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(9), 802-804. ##Witt, A., Ordóñez, A., Martin, A., Vitiello, B., & Fegert, J. M. (2020). Child and adolescent mental health service provision and research during the Covid-19 pandemic: challenges, opportunities, and a call for submissions: Springer.##Yang, Y., Sun, S., Hu, S., Tang, C., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021). Comparative effectiveness of multiple psychological interventions for psychological crisis in people affected by coronavirus disease 2019: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 577187. ##Zhang, B. (2023). The Implication of the COVID-19 Lockdown and Quarantine on Child Psychology. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 7, 168-174.## ##

Personality Disorders in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 2 2 No Abstract 971 972 2023/02/202023/01/9 1401/10/19 2023/04/292023/04/1 1402/1/12 Abbas Boosazar Abbas Boosazar Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran bahramiab34@gmail.com Elnaz Shahmohamadi Elnaz Shahmohamadi Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Elnaz.sh1996@gmail.com Seyeh Ahmad SeyedAlinaghi Seyeh Ahmad SeyedAlinaghi Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com HIV AIDS Personality Disorders Minnesota Najafi, Z., Taj, L., Dadras, O., Ghadimi, F., Moradmand, B., et al. (2020). Epidemiology of HIV in Iran. Current HIV Research, 18(4), 228-236. [Persian]##Niu, L., Luo, D., Liu, Y., Silenzio, V. M., & Xiao, S. (2016). The mental health of people living with HIV in China, 1998–2014: a systematic review. PloS one, 11(4), e0153489.##SeyedAlinaghi S, Foroghi M. (2011). Psychosocial problems in people living with HIV/AIDS. Osaneh. [Persian]##Javanmard, G. H. (2008). Psychopathology 2. Tehran: Payamenoor University Publication. [Persian]##Tabrizi, GH., Vatankhah, M., Tabrizi, S. (2009). Evaluation of personality disorders in patients with AIDS with a pattern of high-risk behaviors. Khoon (Blood), 6(4), 292-300. [Persian]##Hutton, H. E., & Treisman, G. J. (2001). Understanding the role of personality in HIV risk behaviors: implications for prevention and treatment. The Hopkins HIV report: a bimonthly newsletter for healthcare providers/Johns Hopkins University AIDS Service, 13(6), 5-7.##Mirzamani, S. M., & Besharat, M. A. (2001). A study of the validity scales of persian form of MMPI (short form). [Persian]##Brooner, R. K., Greenfield, L., Schmidt, C. W., & Bigelow, G. E. (1993). Antisocial personality disorder and HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers. The American journal of psychiatry.##Benthin, A., Slovic, P., & Severson, H. (1993). A psychometric study of adolescent risk perception. Journal of adolescence, 16(2), 153-168.##Simoni, J. M., Safren, S. A., Manhart, L. E., Lyda, K., Grossman, C. I., et al. (2011). Challenges in addressing depression in HIV research: assessment, cultural context, and methods. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 376-388.## ##

Effect of a Nutrition Diet on Health Status of Physically Challenged Students at Ade Okubanjo Institute for the Blind, Ijebu-Igbo 2 2 Background: The role of balanced diet in the life of an individual physically challenged or not cannot be overlooked. The condition of the physically challenged children attracts little or no attention. Several factors have been identified as causes of malnutrition in physically challenged persons. A nutritional diet is one of the factors that can help to reduce this phenomenon. The study was designed to examine the effect of a nutrition diet on health status of physically challenged students at Ade Okubanjo Institute for the Blind at Ijebu-Igbo. Method: This study used a descriptive survey research design and was conducted in 2022. 120 students were selected as the population of this study of which 100 were retuned valid. The research location was Ade Okubanjo Institute for the Blind, Ijebu-Igbo. A self-structured questionnaire was used to measure the nutrition diet of physically challenged students. To do so, 100 questionnaires were analyzed using a purposive sampling techniques method.  Nutritional diet and health status questionnaire was the instrument used for this study and questions about physical performance, nutritional diet, lack of adequate nutrition and family/parental status questions were asked from the participants. Cronbach’s alpha of NHSQ was 0.72. The data analysis method included the descriptive statistics were analyzed using chi-square. Result: Findings revealed that physical activities performance will significantly influence the nutrition diet of physically challenged children (Cal. value = 125.748a,, p-value = .000.), Lack of adequate nutrition will significantly influence the nutrition diet of physically challenged children (Cal. value = 46.180a,, p-value = .000.) also mental health status significantly influence the nutrition diet of physically challenged children (Cal. value = 41.165a,, p-value = .000.), Family/parental status will significantly affect the nutritional diet intake of the physically challenged (Cal value = 41.165a, , p-value = .000.). Conclusion: The findings concluded that Physical performance, Lack of adequate nutrition, Mental status and Family/parental status significantly affect the nutritional diet intake of the physically challenged students at Ade Okubanjo Institute for the Blind.   973 979 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/30 1401/11/10 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/3 1402/2/13 Titilayo Monsurat Musa Titilayo Monsurat Musa Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria titilayo1423@yahoo.com Adekola Ridwan Ademola Adekola Ridwan Ademola Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria ridwanadekola99@gmail.com Adeleye Oluwagbemiga Adewale Adeleye Oluwagbemiga Adewale Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria adewale.olugbemiga@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng Khadijat Oluwapelumi Popoola Khadijat Oluwapelumi Popoola Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria pelumi001@yahoo.com Nutrition Diet Health Status Physically Challenged Malnutrition Audu., R. N. O. (2014). The role of a balanced diet in the enhancement of academic performance of primary school pupils. African Education Indices, 7(1), 1-8.##Branca., F., Schultink., W. & Sullivan., L. M. (2015). Nutrition and health in women, children, and adolescent girl, BMJ, 351(1), 27-31.Convention on the Rights of the Child in (1989) documents.##Cornil., Y., & Chandon., P. (2016). Pleasure as an ally of healthy eating? Contrasting visceral and Epicurean eating pleasure and their association with portion size preferences and wellbeing. Appetite, 104, 52–59.##Neyestani., T. R., Dadkhah-Piraghaj., M., Haydari., H., Zowghi., T., Nikooyeh., B., et al. (2010). Nutritional status of the Iranian children with physical disability: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 19(2), 223-230.##Odiba., A. A. (2010). Food Nutrition and Human Health, Idah; Adura Printing/Publishing Press.## Ogunleye., T. O., Fabinu., F. A, Eruobodo., O. & Popoola., S. O. (2019). The Impact of Government Policy on Physically Challenged Children in Lagos State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning, 7(5). DOI: 10.24203/ajeel.v7i5.5822##Olatona., F. A., Onabanjo., O. O., Ugbaja., R. N., Nnoaham., K. E., & Adelekan., D. A. (2018). Dietary habits and metabolic risk factors for ##non-communicable diseases in a universityundergraduate population. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition (2018), 37, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-018-0152-2##Otuneye., A. T., Ahmed., P. A., Abdulkarim., A. A., Aluko., O. O., & Shatima., D. R. (2017). Relationship between dietary habits and nutritional status among adolescents in Abuja municipal area council of Nigeria. Niger J Paediatr, 44(3), 128 –135. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4314/njp.v44i3.1##Senevirathna., D. M. N. D. & Liyanage., G. (2020). Nutritional status of physically disabled children. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(8), 224. http: //dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.08.2020.p10430##Snowman, J & Biehler, R. 2011. Psychology applied to teaching. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ##Tompsett., J., Yousafzai., A. K., & Filteau., S. M. (1999). The nutritional status of disabled children in Nigeria: a cross- sectional survey, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 915-919.##World Health Organization. (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).##Younis., K., Ahmad., S. and Badpa., A. (2015). Malnutrition: Causes and Strategies. J Food Process Technol, 6, 434-449. doi:10.4172/2157-7110.1000434## ##

Pluralistic Ignorance and Non-Use of Modern Contraceptives in Southwestern Nigeria: A Qualitative Study Using the Social Norms Theory 2 2 Background: The 2018 National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) revealed that out of the current non-users of contraceptives amongst married women, only 38% of them made their own decision to abstain. The remaining 62% either decided jointly with their partner or the partner solely decided for them. This elicits the notion that social expectations within reference networks could influence the use of modern contraceptives (MCs) in Nigeria. Methods: 16 structured qualitative interviews were used to gather the beliefs, attitudes and social expectations of the respondents as regards the non-use of MCs between March and June 2020. Through snowballing sampling method, residents in the Ibadan Metropolis, southwest Nigeria responded to the hypothetical scenarios presented by the vignettes during interviews. Data were analysed using the Social Norms Analysis Plot framework. This framework serves as the checklist for the reporting of findings.  Basic ethical principles were upheld throughout the study. Results: Seven categories and five main themes emerged from this study. These categories include gender norms, social influence, peer pressure, myths, misconceptions, awareness and pluralistic ignorance. The themes were generated using the Social Norms Analysis Plot framework and they include empirical expectation, normative expectations, sanctions, sensitivity to sanctions and exceptions. The majority of the respondents strongly believe that most women in their community will not use contraceptives simply because of their male partners and friends. Out of those who do not use MCs due to social expectations, it was seen that the majority personally support its use. Conclusion: To promote the uptake of modern contraceptive use in Southwest Nigeria, it is important to update people’s social expectations. The findings of these study studies are relevant for policymakers and civil society organizations in designing effective intervention reproductive health programs in different regions of Nigeria (especially areas of lower use of modern contraceptives). 980 989 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/22 1401/11/2 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/27 1402/2/7 Olutomiwa Binuyo Olutomiwa Binuyo Institute for Social Development, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa Africa binuyotomiwa@gmail.com Social norms Contraception behaviour Family planning Nigeria Atzmüller, C., & Steiner, P. M. (2010). Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research. Methodology. ##Bicchieri, C. (2010). Norms, preferences, and conditional behavior. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 9(3), 297–313. https://doi.org/ 10. 1177/ 1470594X10369276##Cislaghi, B. and Heise, L (2017). STRIVE Technical Brief: Measuring social norms; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; 2017##Cristina Bicchieri (2017). Norms in the wild: How to diagnose, measure, and change social norms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190622046.001.0001 ##Eshak, E. S. (2019). Myths about modern and traditional contraceptives held by women in Upper Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.19.053##Lambe, C. H. (2020). The Role of Men in Family Planning. DSW Is a Global Development Organization. ##Moussaïd, M., Kämmer, J. E., Analytis, P. P., & Neth, H. (2013). Social Influence and the Collective Dynamics of Opinion Formation. PLoS ONE, 8(11).##National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF (2019). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF.##National Population Commission [Nigeria] and ICF International (2014). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Rockville, Maryland, USA: National Population Commission and ICF International.##Smerdon, David; Offerman, Theo; Gneezy, Uri (2016): Everybody's doing it: On the Emergence and Persistence of Bad Social Norms. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, No. 16-023/I, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam. ##Stefanik, Leigh & Hwang, Theresa (2017). Applying Theory to Practice: CARE’s Journey Piloting Social Norms Measures for Gender Programming. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc ##World Health Organization (2018). Family planning/Contraception. Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception ##Yaya, S., Uthman, O. A., Ekholuenetale, M., & Bishwajit, G. (2018). Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 214.## ##

Anxiety and Coping Style between Successful Pregnancy and Non-Successful Pregnancy Regarding Recurrent Abortion 2 2 Background: Abortion is a problem with which all societies are dealing all over the world, having psycho-social consequences. The aim of the present study is to investigate the anxiety and coping style between successful pregnancy and non-successful pregnancy regarding recurrent abortion Methods: 50 women of 20-45, into 5 to 20 weeks of pregnancy, with at least 2 recurrent abortions were surveyed at Avicenna infertility center in Tehran, Iran. Kattel Anxiety and Lazarus Stress questionnaires were completed, and the outcome of pregnancies was followed up. All data analysis was performed by SPSS 22 software. Results: In this study, 32 women successfully passed the 20th week, and 18 women had a miscarriage. The mean score of anxiety in women with recurrent abortion with unsuccessful pregnancies was 12.56 (SD = 1.886) and with successful pregnancies, it was 7.38 (SD = 2.780). The mean score of anxiety for unknown abortion was 12.21, and for immunological, abortion was 6.89. 8.48 were related to abortion because of other reasons. 33% of the variance in stress coping strategy was related to women with recurrent abortion. The anxiety level of women suffering from recurrent miscarriages in secondary recurrent miscarriage (11.67) was higher than primary abortion (7.88). There was a difference between the anxiety of women suffering from recurrent miscarriages and a history of four miscarriages and two miscarriages. This was statistically significant (P < 0.0005). Conclusion: The anxiety level of pregnant women that have recurrent abortion history and abortion outcome is more than they have successful pregnancies outcome. Therefore, anxiety can be considered one of the factors influencing recurrent abortion. Therefore, anxiety can be considered one of the factors influencing recurrent abortion.   990 999 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/24 1401/8/2 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/2 1402/1/13 Behzad Ghorbani Behzad Ghorbani Nanbiotechnology Research Center Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Iran bhzghorbani@yahoo.com Saeedeh Oliyaee Saeedeh Oliyaee Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Iran s.Oliyaee@yahoo.com Zahra Sehat Zahra Sehat Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran Iran sehat.zahra426@gmail.com Abortion Anxiety Stress Pregnancy Huang, X., Ju, H., & Song, G. (2021). Evaluation of basal hormone levels and androgen receptor gene mutations in individuals with recurrent abortion. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 67(4), 274-281. Doi: 10.14715/cmb/2021.67.4.30. ##Tao, P., Coates, R., & Maycock, B. (2012). Investigating marital relationship in infertility: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Journal of reproduction & infertility, 13(2), 71.##Abdishahshahani, M., Torabi, M., & Kazemi, A. (2020). Investigating related factors to psychological symptoms of infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. Journal of education and health promotion, 9. Doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_412_19. [Persian]##Bachir, S., & Aouar, A. (2019). Study of the impact of consanguinity on abortion and mortality in the population of Beni Abbes (southwestern Algeria). Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, 20, 1-7. Doi: 10.1186/s43042-019-0004-7##El Hachem, H., Crepaux, V., May-Panloup, P., Descamps, P., Legendre, G., et al. (2017). Recurrent pregnancy loss: current perspectives. International journal of women's health, 331-345. Doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S100817. ##Hocaoglu, C. (2019). The psychosocial aspect of infertility. Infertility, assisted reproductive technologies and hormone assays, 65. Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/63247. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.80713.##Fukui, A., Kamoi, M., Funamizu, A., Fuchinoue, K., Chiba, H., et al. (2015). NK cell abnormality and its treatment in women with reproductive failures such as recurrent pregnancy loss, implantation failures, preeclampsia, and pelvic endometriosis. Reproductive medicine and biology, 14, 151-157. Doi: 10.1007/s12522-015-0207-7. ##Zhao, Y., Zhou, Q., Li, J., Luan, J., Wang, B., et al. (2021). Influence of psychological stress and coping styles in the professional identity of undergraduate nursing students after the outbreak of COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study in China. Nursing Open, 8(6), 3527-3537. Doi: 10.1002/nop2.902. ##Kulathilaka, S., Hanwella, R., de Silva, V. A. (2016). Depressive disorder and grief following spontaneous abortion. BMC psychiatry, 16, 1-6. Doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0812-y##Huang, Z., Hao, J., Su, P., Huang, K., Xing, X., et al. (2012). The impact of prior abortion on anxiety and depression symptoms during a subsequent pregnancy: data from a population-based cohort study in China. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(1), 51-58. Doi: 10.5455/bcp.20111102040509##Qu, F., Wu, Y., Zhu, Y. H., Barry, J., Ding, T., et al. (2017). The association between psychological stress and miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-8. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01792-3##Campillo, I. S. L., Meaney, S., McNamara, K., O'Donoghue, K. (2017). Psychological and support interventions to reduce levels of stress, anxiety or depression on women’s subsequent pregnancy with a history of miscarriage: an empty systematic review. BMJ open, 7(9), e017802. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017802##Huss, B. (2021). Well-being before and after pregnancy termination: the consequences of abortion and miscarriage on satisfaction with various domains of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(6), 2803-2828. Doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00350-5## Ho, A. L., Hernandez, A., Robb, J. M., Zeszutek, S., Luong, S., et al. (2022). Spontaneous Miscarriage Management Experience: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 14(4). Doi: 10.7759/cureus.24269. PMID: 35602780; PMCID: PMC9118363.##Farren, J., Jalmbrant, M., Ameye, L., Joash, K., Mitchell-Jones, N., et al. (2016). Post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression following miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. BMJ open, 6(11), e011864. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011864.##Sugiura‐Ogasawara, M., Ozaki, Y., & Suzumori, N. (2014). Management of recurrent miscarriage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 40(5), 1174-1179.##Pfeifer, S., Goldberg, J., Lobo, R., Thomas, M., Widra, E., et al. (2013). Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril, 99(1), 63. Doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.09.023##Tavoli, Z., Mohammadi, M., Tavoli, A., Moini, A., Effatpanah, M., et al. (2018). Quality of life and psychological distress in women with recurrent miscarriage: a comparative study. Health and quality of life outcomes, 16(1), 1-5. Doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-0982-z. [Persian]## ##

Insect Stings and Bites: Teachers’ Knowledge of Prevention and First Aid Treatment regarding Allergies and Anaphylaxis in Primary Schools in Nigeria 2 2 Background: Insects’ stings and bites are common phenomenon among school children in rural areas primarily due to closeness to bushes. Knowledge of teachers on allergies and anaphylaxis due to insect bites and stings is important to promote healthy school living; hence, this study investigated the knowledge of primary school teachers on stinging insects and allergic reactions. Methods: This was a descriptive survey research with 120 participants. Knowledge of insect stings prevention questionnaire (KISPQ r = 8.27) and knowledge of insect stings first aid treatment questionnaire (KISFATQ, r = 7.68) were the main instruments used for the study.  Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the four research questions while linear regression analysis was used to test the two postulated hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. Results: Findings revealed that teachers were not significantly knowledgeable about insects’ stings regarding allergies and anaphylactic reactions. This was because only about 50% of the teachers could recognize the insects causing allergies and anaphylactic reactions. The result of F-value of 81.760 whose probability was close to zero percent showed that, statistically, the teachers' knowledge of the prevention and first aid treatment of allergy due to insect bite had a significant influence on prevention of anaphylaxis. The result of F-value of 110.618 whose probability was close to zero percent indicated that teachers' knowledge of aetiology and prevention of allergy regarding insect bite had a significant influence on first aid skills. Conclusion: There is lack of knowledge in these areas at primary school level and that allergies and anaphylactic prevention should be added to health education curriculum content in school to improve knowledge of both the teachers and the pupils. Therefore, this study focuses on training teachers regarding prevention of insect stings and improving first aid treatment skills for stings and bites. 1000 1008 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/25 1401/11/5 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/1 1402/2/11 Samuel Adesina Okueso Samuel Adesina Okueso Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria okueso.samuel@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng Victor Olusegun Adefarasin Victor Olusegun Adefarasin Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria victor.adefarasin@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng Ademola Ridwan Adekola Ademola Ridwan Adekola Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria Nigeria ridwanadekola99@gmail.com Prevention First Aid Insect Sting Allergy Treatment American Academy of Pediatrics. (2009). Caring for your baby and young child: Birth to Age 5. Available at: healthy children .org##American Academy of Paediatrics. (2011). Insect Bites. Advanced Paediatrics. Available at: www.healthychildren.org##American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). Insect Stings Allergies. Available at: healthy children .org##Barish, R. A & Arnold, T. (2022). Insect Stings. MSD Manual Professional Version. Available at: Msdmanual.com.##Bilo, M. B., Martini, M., Pravettoni, V., et al. (2019). Large local reactions to Hymenoptera stings: outcome of re-stings in real life. Allergy. ##Bilo, B. M., Rueff, F., Mosbech, H., et al. (2005). The EAACI Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. Diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy, Allergy, 60 (11), 1339-1349.##Boyd, B., Burns, D & Facep, D. O. (2021). Insect bite. Medscape. Available at: emedicine.medscpe. com/article/769067-overviewreg##Caravedo-Martinez, M.A. Ramirez-Hernandez, A. & Blanton, L.S. (2021). Manifestation and management of flea-borne Rickettsioses. Res Rep Trop Med.12, 1-14. Available at: https://doi.org/ 10.2147/RRTM.S274724.##College of Food, Agricultural & Natural Resource Sciences (CFANS) (2022). Guidelines for dealing with Bed Bugs in a School setting. University of Minnesota. Available at: bedbug@ umn.edu/pub##David, B. K & Golden, M. D., et al, (2017). Stinging Insect hypersensitivity A practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 118,28-24.##Demirkale, Z. H., Yucel, E., Cimen, S. S., et al. (2020). Venom allergy and knowledge about anaphylaxis among beekepers and their families. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 48 (6), 640-645. Doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.01.008.##Dhami, S, Panesar, Roberts, G et al (2014). Management of anaphylaxis: A systematic Review. Allergy, 69, 168-175##Erickson, T. B & Cheema, N. (2017). Arthropod Envenomation in North America. Emerg Med Clin North Ame, 35, (2), 355-375. (PubMed)##Fehr, D., Micaletto, S., Moehr, T & et al. (2019). Risk factors for severe systemic sting reactions in wasp (vespula spp.) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom allergic patients. Clinical and Translational Allergy. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0292-5##Fukutomi,Y & Kawakami, Y (2021). Respiratory sensitization to insect allergens: Species, components and clinical symptoms. Allergology International. 70, 303-312.##Golden, D. B. K ., Demain, J., Freeman, T., et al. (2017). Sting insect hypersensitivity: A practical parameter update 2016. Elsevier Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 118, 28-54.##Gonzalez-Estrada, A., Silvers, S. K., Klein, A., et al. (2017). Epidemiology of anaphylaxis at a tertiary care centre: a report of 730 cases. Ann AllergyAsthma Immunol, 118(1), 80-85.##Greenstick Education Services Nigeria. (2023). Common Allergies in Children and What You Should Do to Help. Available at: https://www.greenspringsschool.com/common-allergies-in- children/##Guillet, C., Jeorg, L., Schmid, P. et al. (2022). Insect Stings and Bites: beyond the realms of bee and wasp allergies: a surveyof the literature and our own cases. Allergo J Int, 31, 183-193.##Helbling, A., Hurni, T., Mueller, U. R, & et al. (2004). Incidence of anaphylaxis with circulatory symptoms: a study of over a 3-year period comprising 940,000 inhabitants of3 the Swiss Carton Bern. Clin Exp Allergy, 34 (2), 289-290.##Jimoh, A. O., Akuse, R. M., Bugaje, M. A. & et al. (2016). A call for sting treatment protocol:case report of a 3 year old with massive bee sting resulting in acute kidney injury. Niger Journal of Paediatrics, 43 (3), 231-233.##Jones, M., Blair, S., MacNeil, S., et al. (2017). Occupational allergy to fruit flies. Occup Environ Med, 74, 422-425. Available at: https://doi.org/ 10.1136/oemed-2016-103824##Ludman, S. W & Boyle,R. J. (2015) Stinging insect allergy: current perspectives on venom immunotherapy, Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 8, 75-86. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ jaa.s62288, ##National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2020). Insect Bites and Stings: antimicrobial prescribing. Public Health England. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng182##Powers, J & McDowell, R. H. (2022). Insect Bites. StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island##Petel, P. U., Tan, A., & Levell, N. (2021). A clinical review and history of public lice. Clin Exp Clin Exp Dermatol. 46.(7): 1181-1188. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.14666 ##Pumphrey, R. S. (2000). Lessons for management of Anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 30(8), 1144-1150##Raj, D., Lodha, R., Pandey, A.,et al. (2013). Aero allergen sensitisation in childhood asthmatics in Northern India. Indian peadiatrics. 50. 1113-1118.##Rompis, J., Willar, R., Rondonuwa, S., et al. (2022). Neglected Baby with various insects and leech Bites at Cemetary: A case Report. J Pediatr Perinatol Child Health. 6 (1), 137-144.##Schiener, M., Graessel, A., Ollert, M., et al. (2017). Allergen-specific immunotherapy of Hymenoptera venom allergy-also a matter of diagnosis. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 13(10), 2467-2481##Sheele, J. M. (2021). Association between bed bugs and allergic reactions. Parasite Immunol. 43 (7): e12832. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/ pim12832##Sabogal,P., Lozano, A., Mercado, D., et al. (2019). Cellular and humoral responses to Ctef2, a cat flea allergen. In children with popular urticarial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 179, 89-10. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1159/000496743.##US Department of Labour. (2021). Insect Stings. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Available at: www.osha.gov. 321 OSHA (6742)##Whyte, A. F., Popescu, F. D., & Carlson, J. (2020). Tabanidae insect (horsefly and deerfly) allergy in humans: a review of the literature. Clin Exp Allergy. 50, 886-893. 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Investigating the Correlation between Shift Work and Job Commitment and the Mediating Role of Work-Life Balance among Emergency Medical Personnel 2 2 Background: Shift work is a job stressor. Health service is one of the centers where shift work is an integral part, and the level of job commitment in staff has a significant impact on service delivery. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between shift work and job commitment, and the mediating role of work-life balance among emergency medical personnel of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 1400. Methods: This was a correlational study. The statistical community included emergency medical personnel of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, and the statistical sample was selected by stratified random sampling method. The research tool consisted of 3 questionnaires: a: survey of shift workers (SOS) (@ = 0.8), b: job commitment (@ = 0.9), and c: work-life balance (WLB) (@ = 0.9).  Findings were analyzed using spss21 software (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The level of work-life balance in these personnel was very desirable. The job score was slightly higher than average. The score of the work shift status questionnaire was lower than the average. In almost all cases, there was a positive and significant correlation between shift scores and work-life balance. There was no significant correlation between job commitment score and work-life balance in all cases. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between shift score and job commitment. Conclusion: There is a correlation between shift work and work commitment and the mediating correlation of work-life balance (workplace support component). The adjustment of personnel shift work should be seriously considered by managers and of health organizations in particular and policymakers of the health system in general need to address this correlation.   1009 1017 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/15 1401/8/24 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/29 1402/2/9 Monika Motaghi Monika Motaghi Department of Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran monika3005@yahoo.co.uk Lida Gholizade Lida Gholizade Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran Mehdi Eslami Mehdi Eslami Department of Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran Shift Work Commitment Work-Life Balance Asghari, M., Ahmadnezhad, I., Rahmani, A. R., et al. (2013). Investigation of Disorders and Problems caused by Shift Work in an automotive industry. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 5(1), 7-14. [Persian]##Costa, G. (2003). Shift work and occupational medicine: an overview. Occupational medicine, 53(2), 83-8.##Darko-Asumadu DA, Sika-Bright S, Osei-Tutu B. (2018). The influence of work-life balance on employees’ commitment among bankers in Accra, Ghana. African Journal of Social Work, 8(1), 47-55.##Ezati, P., Vaziri, M., Adli, F. (2017). Educational Needs Assessment in the Medical Emergency Technicians of Tehran Emergency Center. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention, 5(2), 109-19. [Persian]##Farzianpour F, Ansari Nosrati S, Rahimi Foroushani A. (2017). Survey of Correlation between Nurses Shift and Personality Characteristics in Private Hospitals in Tehran City. Payavard, 10(5), 419-428.##URL: http: payavard.tums.ac.ir.article-1-6114-fa.html. [Persian]##Ghaedi GH, Mohamadi N, Ghasemi M. (2015). Comparison of fixed and rotating shifts on burnout among nurses working in public and private hospitals in Rasht. Daneshvar Medicine, 23(3), 27-34. [Persian]##Hashempour R, Hosseinpour Ghahremanlou H, Etemadi S, et al. (2018). The Correlation between Quality of Work Life and Organizational Commitment of Iranian Emergency Nurses. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 4(1), 49-54. Http: dx.doi.org.10.32598.hdq.4.1.49. [Persian]##Hutagalung., I., Soelton., M. and Octaviani., A., 2020. The role of work life balance for organizational commitment. Management Science Letters, 10(15), 3693-3700.##Jena, R. K. (2015). An assessment of demographic factors affecting organizational commitment among shift workers in India. Management-Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 20(1), 59-77.##Kamrani, M.A., Amiri, A.N., Alavi, S.H.A., et al. (2018). Factors Affecting Work-Life Balance of Nurses in Hospitals Affiliated to Jiroft University of Medical Sciences in 1396. Journal of Nursing Education (JNE), 7(4). [Persian]##Karimian Zo M, Soliemanian A, Rahimi Pordanjani T. (2018). The Role of Shift work Tolerance and Job Stress as Predictions of Marital Satisfaction among Mashhad City Firefighters. Tkj, 10(2), 1-9. URL: http: tkj.ssu.ac.ir.article-1-903-fa.html. [Persian]##Machi, M. S., Staum, M., Callaway, C. W., et al. (2012). The correlation between shift work, sleep, andcognition in career emergency physicians. Academic Emergency Medicine, 19(1), 85-91.##McMurray, A. J., Pirola-Merlo, A., Sarros, J. C., et al. (2010). "Leadership, climate, psychological capital, commitment, and wellbeing in a non-profit organization". Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(5), 436-457.##Moghtaderi Isfahani A, Mehdad A. (2021). Mediating role of intrinsic work motivation in correlation between job commitment and professional ethics with firefighters' extra-role performance. Tkj, 13(3), 9-23. URL: http: tkj.ssu.ac.ir.article-1-1135-fa.html. [Persian]##Mosaviasl Z, Babayipouya A, Karimi A. (2017). The Correlation between Shift Work and Occupational Burnout among Nurses in a Teaching Hospital in Ahvaz. Ohhp, 1(2),118-128. [Persian]##Patterson, P. D., Suffoletto, B. P., Kupas, D. F., et al. (2010). Sleep quality and fatigue among prehospital providers. Prehospital Emergency Care, 14(2), 187-93##Pourshareiati, F., Amrollahi, M. (2017). Patient safety culture from Rahnemon hospital nurses’ perspective. Occupational Hygine and Health Promotion Journal, 1(1), 52-61. [Persian]##Ravani Pour, M., Vanaki, Z., Afsar, L., et al. (2014). The standards of professionalism in nursing: the nursing instructors’ experiences. Evidence Based Care, 4(1), 27-40. [Persian]##Raeisi S, Sadeghy N, Azarbarzin M. (2021). Comparison of Behavioral Problems in Children of Permanent Morning Shift and Circulating Shift Nurses in Ayat Allah Kashani Educational Treatment Center in Isfahan 2018. JPEN, 7(2), 39-45. [Persian]##Rezaei H, Bahmanbijari B, Beigzadeh A, et al. (2017). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment of nurses in teaching hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 17, 245-250. URL: http:ijme.mui.ac.ir.article-1-3927-fa.html. [Persian]##Riordan, C. M., Griffith, R. W., Weatherly, E. W. (2003). Age and work‐related outcomes: the moderating effects of status characteristics. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(1), 37-57.##Soloukdar, A., Goodarzi, B. (2019). The Correlation of Agility of Human Resources on Performance of Staffs at Tehran Emergency Center. Nurse and Physician Within War, 7(22), 27-33. [Persian]##Tabatabaei, S., Khani Jazani, R., Ghaneh, S. (2017). The Role of Age and Work Experience on Fatigue, Health, and Social Well-being of Employees; a Case Study of Iran Railway Transportation Employees. Occupational Hygine and Health Promotion Journal, 1(1), 19-32. [Persian]##Williams, E. S., Manwell, L. B., Konrad, T. R., et al. (2007). The correlation of organizational culture, stress, satisfaction, and burnout with physician-reported error and suboptimal patient care: results from the MEMO study. Health Care Management Review, 32(3), 203-12.##Yadollahi, S., Heydarpoor. Dastgerdi, S. (2020). The Correlation between Organizational Commitment of Emergency Medical Service Staff and Care Quality of Pre-hospital Services in Chaharmahal-Bakhtyari Province in 2020. Paramedical Sciences and Military Health, 15(3), 36-43##URL: http: jps.ajaums.ac.ir.article-1-230-fa.html. [Persian]## Zamanian, Z., Mohammadi, H., Rezaeeyani, M., et al. (2012). An investigation of shift work disorders in security personnel of 3 hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 2009. Ioh, 9(1), 52-57. [Persian]## ##

The Effectiveness of Community Mobilization Intervention in Creating Awareness Regarding Early Marriage among Adolescents in Bangladesh: The Case of Shornokishoree Network 2 2 Background: Bangladesh has one of South Asia’s highest rates of child marriage, making female adolescents vulnerable to reproductive health risks. Shornokishoree (SK) Network has been implementing a mobilization program in Bangladesh using a variety of community engagement approaches. The main objective is to raise awareness among adolescents in secondary schools, bringing together as many stakeholders as possible. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of the Network’s interventions and to determine changes in adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes and practices to prevent child marriage.    Methods: 630 participants were recruited from 35 secondary schools across eight divisions of Bangladesh. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design and consisted of a sample for intervention (308) and control group (322). The intervention group consisted of the participants who attended awareness sessions regarding early marriage and reproductive health issues. The study was conducted using stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Chi-square and z-tests were performed to assess the program’s effectiveness including associated factors. Results: The study shows that knowledge about child marriage remained significantly lower (p < 0.01) for the control group compared to the intervention group. Nearly one-third (27.9%) of the experimental group rejected the assumption that women’s marriageability begins with puberty. 38.4% of the participants in the  control group were unaware of the consequences of adolescent pregnancy compared to 8.1% of the intervention group (p < 0.01). Additionally, 29.9% of the control group had a very limited understanding of the child mortality and maternal death issues compared to 6.8% of the intervention group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The study concluded that the awareness program has been very useful in improving knowledge about child marriage among adolescents, creating an impact on child marriage prevention.   1018 1032 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/21 1401/11/1 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/29 1402/2/9 Farzana Rashid Brownia Farzana Rashid Brownia Centre for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh browniacbs@gmail.com Shah Ehsan Habib Shah Ehsan Habib Department of Sociology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh se_habib@hotmail.com Child Marriage Community based participatory research Adolescent Bangladesh. Ame, K. R. (2013). Overcoming the curse of early marriage in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 19(4), 150-163. ##Acharya, R., Kalyanwala, S., Jejeebhoy, S.J., et al. (2009). Broadening Girls’ Horizons: Effects of a Life Skills Education Program in Rural Uttar Pradesh. New Delhi, India: Population Council.##Amin, S., Saha, J. S., & Ahmed, A. (2018). Skills-Building Programs to Reduce Child Marriage in Bangladesh: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(3), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.013##Barbera, G. (2021). The Impact of Child Marriage in Asia - Peace for Asia. Retrieved March, 29, 2022. https://peaceforasia.org/the-impact-of-child-marriage-in-asia/#:~:text=Almost%20one%20in%20five%20girls,highest%20rate%20in%20the%20world##Bates, L. M., Maselko J., & Schuler, S. R. (2007). Women’s Education and the Timing of Marriage and Childbearing in the Next Generation: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 38(2), 101-112. ##Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2015). Report on Violence Against Women (VAW) Survey 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/LatestReports/VAWSurvey2015.pdf ##Bhandari, H. (2017). Why No Rush to End Child Marriage in Nepal? Still No Concrete Plan Despite Early Promises. from https://www.hrw. org/news/2017/08/08/why-no-rush-end-child-marriage-nepal ##Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press.##Brown, V. (2015). Using the social ecological model to inform community needs assessments. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 107(1), 45-51. ##Ferdousi, N. (2013). Child marriage in Bangladesh: Socio-legal analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 6, 1-7. 10.5897/IJSA11.024.##Islam, M. R., & Brownia, F. R. (2013). Shornokishoree (Golden Girl): A Media based innovative Approach to Promote Adolescent Girls' Health for Safe Motherhood. Journal of Social Science, 2(1), 203–217. ##Kamal, S., Hassan, C., Alam, G., & Ying, Y. (2015). Child marriage in Bangladesh: trends and determinants. Journal of Biosocial Science, 47(1), 120-139.##Malhotra, A., Warner, A., McGonagle, A. & Lee-Rife, S. (2011). Solutions to end child marriage: What the evidence shows. Washington D.C.: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).##Mannell, J., & Dadswell, A. (2017). Preventing Intimate Partner Violence: Towards a Framework for Supporting Effective Community Mobilization. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 196-211.##Mehra, D., Sarkar, A., Sreenath, P., Behera, J., & Mehra, S. (2018). Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to delay early marriage, early pregnancy and improve school retention among adolescents in India. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-13.##National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) (2016). Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Dhaka and Rockville, Maryland: NIPORT.##Plan International (2018). Time to Act! Accelerating Efforts to Eliminate Child, Early and ##Forced Marriage in Asia. Bangkok: Plan International Asia Hub.##Svanemyr, J., Amin, A., Robles, O. J. & Greene, M. E. (2015). Creating an enabling environment for adolescent sexual and reproductive health: A framework and promising approaches. Adolescent Health, 56(1 Suppl), S7-14. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.011.##Sayeed, F., Saha, P., & Yeasmin, F. (2019). Preventing Child, Early, and Forced Marriage in Bangladesh: Understanding Socio-Economic Drivers and Legislative Gaps. Canada: Oxfam. ##Singh, S., & Samara, R. (1996). Early marriage among women in developing countries. International family planning perspectives, 22(4) 148-175. ##Talukder, A., Hasan, M. M., Razu, S.R. and Hossain, Z. (2020). Early marriage in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors. Journal of International Women's Studies, 21(1), 68-78.##Temin, M., & Heck, C. J. (2020). Close to Home: Evidence on the Impact of Community-Based Girl Groups. Global Health: Science and Practice, 8(2), 300–324. https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00015 ##United Nations Human Rights Social Protection (UNHRSP) (2017). Women’s autonomy, equality and reproductive health in international human rights: Between recognition, backlash and regressive trends. Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg-women-and-girls/womens-autonomy-equality-and-reproductive-health ##United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2014). Developing an Education Sector Response to Early and Unintended Pregnancy: Discussion Document for a Global Consultation, Paris: UNESCO.##World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries: what the evidence says, Geneva: Author.##UNICEF (2022). Child marriage country profiles: Bangladesh, Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-marriage-country-profiles/##UNICEF (2016). The State of the World’s Children 2016: A Fair Chance for Every Child, New York: United Nations Children's Fund. ##Walker, J. A. (2012). Early Marriage in Africa – Trends, Harmful Effects and Interventions. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(2), pp. 231-240.##Williamson, N. (2013). State of World Population 2013 – Motherhood in Childhood: Facing the challenge of adolescent pregnancy. New York: UNFPA, Information and External Relations Division.## ##

Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Atmosphere and Tendency to Leave Jobs and Fear of COVID-19 in Health Team Members of Health Centers in 2021 2 2 Background: Today, we are facing the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic and its undesirable effects on healthcare providers. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the organizational atmosphere and the tendency to leave jobs and fear of covid-19 in health team members of health centers in 2021. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 120 personnel working in the health network headquarters and health centers of Koohrang city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were selected by census and studied as health team members. After explaining the objectives of the research and completing informed consent by participants, the organizational atmosphere questionnaire, the tendency to leave jobs questionnaire, and the fear of COVID-19 questionnaire are completed. Finally, collected data are analyzed via SPSSv21, descriptive tests, and T-tests. Results: Average score and standard deviation of research variables for organizational atmosphere, leave job tendency, and fear of COVID-19 are obtained as 3.48 ± 0.59 (Above average), 3.81 ± 0.68 (Above average), and 2.14 ± 0.90 (Below average), respectively. The mediating variable of COVID-19 fear was not have a significant effect on the tendency of personnel to leave their jobs based on the organizational atmosphere (P = 0.109). Between the organizational atmosphere and leaving the job there was a direct relationship and meaningful (P = 0.005). Between the organizational atmosphere and fear of COVID-19, there are indirect relationships and meaningful (P =0.008). But, there was no evidence of a significant relationship between the tendency to quit and the employees' fear of COVID-19 (P = 0.140). Conclusion: According to the results, there is a favorable organizational atmosphere, but the desire to leave the job is high among them, although the fear of Covid-19 does not play a mediating role in this desire to leave the job. The results of this study can be used in management planning.   1033 1041 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/212023/03/16 1401/12/25 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/292023/04/25 1402/2/5 Ali Saljoghi Ali Saljoghi Department of Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran saljoughi_ali@yahoo.com Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Department of Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran zohrehkarimian68@gmail.com Organization COVID-19 Job Aghoshani, F., Doumehri, M., Zamani, F., & Soleimani, A. (2016). Investigating the relationship between job and personality type and its relationship with the performance of Damghan Health Network staff. International Conference on Management and Accounting, https://civilica.com/doc/553896. [Persian]##Alian ghiasi, M., Baseri, M., Safaeizadeh, K., & Kaveh, M. (2015). The relationship between job stress and job performance among teachers. https://civilica.com/doc/628520. [Persian]##Amiri, H. (2016). Comparison of conflict management and mental health of employees with job suitability with personality and without it in Khuzestan cement industry. International Conference on Psychology, Educational and Behavioral Sciences. [Persian]##Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of Human Resource Management Practices, 10th Ed, p.cm. 389-409. ##Bamba, M. (2016). Stress management and job performance in the industries sector of Mali. Journal of Service Science and Management, 9(3), 189-194. ##Deniz, N., Noyan, A., & Ertosun, Ö. G. (2015). Linking person-job fit to job stress: The mediating effect of perceived person-organization fit. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 369-376. ##Estalaki, K. G. (2017). On the impact of organizational structure on organizational efficiency in industrial units: Industrial units of Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces. Estação Científica (UNIFAP), 7(3), 95-105. ##Faez, E., Zakerian, S. A., Azam, K., Hancock, K., & Rosecrance, J. (2021). An assessment of ergonomics climate and its association with self-reported pain, organizational performance and employee well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2610. ##Ghanbari, M. K., Behzadifar, M., Bakhtiari, A., Behzadifar, M., Azari, S., et al. (2021). Assessing Iran's health system according to the COVID-19 strategic preparedness and response plan of the World Health Organization: health policy and historical implications. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 61(4), E508-E519. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020. 61.4. 1613. [Persian]##Ghasemzadeh, A., Abbaszadeh, M., Hassani, M., & Hashemi, T. (2013). Structural modeling of personality traits on stress and job performance considering the mediating effects of individual accountability. Iran Occupational Health, 10(2). [Persian]##Gholi pour, A., Salami, H., & Einian, M. (2009). Explain the effects of personality on work-family conflict and its consequences on employees. Journal of Development Evolution Management, 1(1), 29-40. [Persian]##Khodyari, M., Shariat, H., & Salajegheh, S. (2016). Investigating the relationship between job stress and personality types. International Conference on Management and Accounting, https://civilica.com/doc/553886. [Persian]##Khosravizadeh, E., Kamankesh, A., Moghadasi, H., Zohrevandian, K. (2019). The relationship between Organizational Justice and Job Eengagement with Organizational Performance of coaches (case study: Arak Sports boards). Organizational behavior management in sport studies, 6(1), 55-63. [Persian]##Marcatto, F., Di Blas, L., Luis, O., Festa, S., & Ferrante, D. (2022). The Perceived Occupational Stress Scale: A brief tool for measuring workers’ perceptions of stress at work. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(4), 293. ##McNabb, N. S. (2009). The daily floggings will continue until morale improves: An examination of the relationships among organizational justice, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to turnover: The University of Oklahoma.##Mohammadi, J., Rahimi, F., Fakher, E., Shoebi, G. (2016). Evaluation of Personality-Job Fit and Its Relationship with Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Employees of Khuzestan Steel Company. Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies, 3(1), 19-40. [Persian]##Mosakhani, M., Naebi, A., & Bakhshi, J. (2007). Provide a methodology for evaluating the performance of suppliers in the outsourcing process. Knowledge Management Quarterly, 20(77), 123-138. [Persian]##Safarkhanlou, J., & Nezhad Ismail Azizi, M. (2019). Reviewing the connection between personality feature with the career and satisfaction of the staff of security organizations. SPAPS, 14(52), 29-58. [Persian]##Spector PE. Industrial and organizational psychology. Research and, 2008, John of Wiley and Soons, Inc P205-213.## ##

The Effectiveness of Group Positive Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-being and Hope of Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy 2 2 Background: Cancer leads to fear and anxiety and reduces mental health in patients soon after its diagnosis. Hence, it is imperative to examine therapeutic steps toward promoting the psychological conditions of these patients. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy (PPT) on the psychological well-being and hope of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: The study was a single-blind clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all patients referring to Taleghani Hospital of Tehran in 2020. Thirty patients were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group learned PPT in six sessions held once a week and the control group received no intervention. Demographic forms, Ryff's psychological well-being scale (RPWBS-18), and Snyder’s hope scale (SHS-12) were used to collect data, which were analyzed by the Chi-square and ANCOVA tests run in the SPSS-20 software. Results: The results showed that PPT enhanced psychological well-being (F = 9.29) and hope (F = 8.28) among patients with cancer (P<0.01). Moreover, the effect size of the PPT was 29% for psychological well-being and 27% for hope. Conclusion: The PPT is effective in promoting the psychological health of cancer patients. Thus, this cost-effective therapy can be used in healthcare centers to promote the psychological health of these patients.   1042 1050 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/212023/03/162022/10/20 1401/7/28 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/292023/04/252023/02/5 1401/11/16 Majid Heydari Majid Heydari Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran ایران 883653mjid@gmail.com Mohammad Nouri Mohammad Nouri Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran ایران m.noori1@sbmu.ac.ir Amir Maziar Niaei Amir Maziar Niaei Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran ایران amirmaziar@sbmu.ac.ir Psychological well-being Hope Psychotherapy Neoplasms Basharpoor, S., Amani, S., & Narimani, M. (2019). The effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy on improving posttraumatic symptoms and interpersonal reactivity in patients with cancer. Archives of Rehabilitation, 20(3), 230-241. [Persian]##Dowlatabadi, M. M., Ahmadi, S. M., & Sorbi, M. H. (2015). Improving the quality of life of women with breast cancer through positive psychotherapy. Contemporary psychology, 10(1), 606-609. [Persian]##Dowlatabadi, M. M., Ahmadi, S. M., Sorbi, M. H., et al. (2016). The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on depression and happiness in breast cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial. Electronic physician, 8(3), 2175-2180. [Persian]##Emami, M., Askarizade, G., & Faziltpour, M. (2018). Effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral stress management group therapy on resilience and hope in women with breast cancer. Positive Psychology Research, 3(4), 1-14. [Persian]##Forat Yazdi, M., Giahi Yazdi, M., & Sorbi, M. H. (2017). Comparing the quality of life and strategies for coping with stress in cancer and non-cancer patients in Yazd. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 322-332. [Persian]##Hazrati, M., Zahmatkeshan, N., Dezh Bakhsh, T., et al. (2005). The effect of rehabilitation process on the quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. Armahane Danesh, 10(3), 53-65. [Persian]##Jabalameli, S., Doost, H., & Moulavi, H. (2010). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention on quality of life and blood pressure in female patients with hypertension. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 15(2), 1-8. [Persian]##Kafka, G. J., & Kozma, A. (2002). The construct validity of Ryff's scales of psychological well-being (SPWB) and their relationship to measures of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 57(2), 171-190.##Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., et al. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of Psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27-36. [Persian]##Kordmirza Nikuzadeh, E. (2011). Comparison the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and Adlerian group therapy intervention program for promotion of resiliency in drug dependents. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 2(5), 6-32. [Persian]##Kullmer, U., Stenger, K., Milch, W., et al. (1999). Self-concept, body image, and use of unconventional therapies in patients with gynaecological malignancies in the state of complete remission and recurrence. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 82(1), 101-106.##Li, T., & Xu, H. (2020). Selenium-containing nanomaterials for cancer treatment. Cell Reports Physical Science, 1(7), 100111.##Movahedi, M., Movahedi, Y., & Farhadi, A. (2015). Effect of hope therapy training on life expectancy and general health in cancer patients. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery, 25(2), 84-92. [Persian]##Parks-Sheiner, A. C. (2009). Positive psychotherapy: Building a model of empirically supported self-help. University of Pennsylvania.##Qureshi, S. A., Reaume, S. V., Bedard, C., & Ferro, M. A. (2022). Mental Health of Siblings of Children with Physical Illness or Physical‐Mental Comorbidity. Child: Care, Health and Development, 1-8.##Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 65(1), 14-23.##Sefidi, F., & Farzad, V. (2012). Validated measure of Ryff psychological well-being among students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences (2009). Journal of Inflammatory Diseases, 16(1), 65-71. [Persian]##Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American psychologist, 61(8), 774.##Seyedi-Asl, T., Sadeghi, K., Bakhtiari, M., et al. (2014). The effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on improving the depression and increasing the happiness of the infertile women: Clinical trial. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(3), 269-275. [Persian]##Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(5), 467-487.##Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here: Simon and Schuster.##Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S. S., Cheavens, J., et al. (2000). The role of hope in cognitive-behavior therapies. Cognitive therapy and Research, 24(6), 747-762.##Sorbi, M. H., Rahmanian, M., & Azizi, R. (2019). The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on the Well-Being and Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Thrita, 8(1). [Persian]##Sorbi, M. H., Sadeghi, K., Rahmanian, M., et al. (2018). Positive psychotherapy effect on life expectancy and general health of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 10(1), 31-36. [Persian]##Tadayoni, M., Salehi, S., Soltani, A., & et al. (2022). The Role of Psychological Well-Being and Life Expectancy in Social Anxiety of Girls Living in Welfare Centers in Tehran in 2018: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 21(3), 293-310. [Persian]##Wood, A. M., & Johnson, J. (2016). The Wiley handbook of positive clinical psychology: John Wiley & Sons.## ##

The Effects of an Educational Intervention Based on Prevention against Tobacco Dependence (PAD) regarding Frequency of Tobacco Use among Students in Varamin City: Results of the Second Phase 2 2 Background: Tobacco use by adolescents is one of the most devastating social challenges throughout the world, threatening the health of future generations and communities in all social, cultural, health, and environmental aspects. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention against Tobacco dependence (PAD) interventions among students in Varamin City in 2020. Methods: This study utilized the findings from the initial phase of the Prevention against Tobacco Dependence (PAD) project, which was conducted using a cohort method in Varamin city (Tehran province). The study encompassed four phases and involved both male and female students. For the second phase, a sample of 780 ninth-grade students was chosen using stratified sampling, with 350 students (45%) serving as PAD-helpers. Data was collected using a modified version of a questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: In the students’ families, most fathers still used cigarettes (25.5%) and hookah (11.4%). In total, the prevalence of hookah, cigarette, and new tobacco product use among students was 35%, 15.9%, and 22.2%, respectively. The most important reason for smoking was curiosity (56.7%), and more than 71% of students believed that PAD project increased their knowledge about dangers of smoking. Based on t-test scores, there was a significant difference between PAD-helpers and non-PAD-helpers in terms of anti-smoking knowledge, attitude, and practice. Two variables of the level of knowledge and attitude towards smoking had a significant direct relationship with the variable of anti-smoking practice (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This project contained effective interventions to raise the students’ knowledge and change their attitudes towards smoking, and these changes have been more evident among PAD-helpers and their anti-smoking practice.   1051 1060 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/212023/03/162022/10/202022/11/6 1401/8/15 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/292023/04/252023/02/52023/03/29 1402/1/9 Mojtaba Hemayatkhah Mojtaba Hemayatkhah Department of Sociology, University of Payame Noor, Tehran, Iran Iran m.hemayatkhah@pnu.ac.ir Mohammad Reza Masjedi Mohammad Reza Masjedi Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tobacco Control Research Center, Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran Iran masjedim@gmail.com Fatemeh Abdolazimbeyg Fatemeh Abdolazimbeyg Department of Social Welfare Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabayi University, Tehran, Iran Iran fatemehabdola@gmail.com Vahid Rahmanian Vahid Rahmanian Research Center for Social determinants of health, Jahrom University of medical sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran vahid.rahmani1392@gmail.com Cigarette Smoking Prevalence Students Tobacco Products Agaku, I. T., Obadan, E. M., Odukoya, O. O., & Olufajo, O. (2015). Tobacco-free schools as a core component of youth tobacco prevention programs: a secondary analysis of data from 43 countries. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 210-215. ##Ahmad, K., Jafary, F., Jehan, I., Hatcher, J., Khan, A. Q., et al. (2005). Prevalence and predictors ##of smoking in Pakistan: results of the ##National Health Survey of Pakistan. European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, 12(3), 203-208. Doi:10.1097/ S1741-82670312303-1. [Persian]##Ahun, M. N., Lauzon, B., Sylvestre, M.-P., Bergeron-Caron, C., Eltonsy, S., et al. (2020). A systematic review of cigarette smoking trajectories in adolescents. International Journal of Drug Policy, 83, 102838. ##Alaee, R., Kadivar, P., Mohammadkhani, S., Sarami, G., & Alaee, S. (2011). The prevalence of tobacco, hubble-bubble, alcoholic drinks, drugs, and stimulants among high-school students. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction, 5(18), 99-114. ##Anic, G. M., Sawdey, M. D., Jamal, A., & Trivers, K. F. (2018). Frequency of use among middle and high school student tobacco product users—United States, 2015–2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(49), 1353. ##Araban, M., Montazeri, A., Stein, L., Karimy, M., & Mehrizi, A. A. H. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with disruptive behavior among Iranian students during 2015: A cross-sectional study. Italian journal of pediatrics, 46(1), 1-7. [Persian]##Azagba, S., Manzione, L., Shan, L., & King, J. (2020). Trends in smoking behaviors among US adolescent cigarette smokers. Pediatrics, 145(3). ##Barikani, A. (2008). High risk behaviors in adolescent students in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(2), 192-198. ##Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Yang, Z., Schiff, S., Unger, J., Cruz, T. B., et al. (2020). E-cigarette product characteristics and subsequent frequency of cigarette smoking. Pediatrics, 145(5). ##Bashirian, S., Barati, M., Karami, M., Hamzeh, B., & Ezati, E. (2020). Predictors of shisha smoking among adolescent females in Western Iran in 2019: Using the Prototype-Willingness Model. Tobacco prevention & cessation, 6. [Persian]##Brownson, R. C., Matson Koffman, D., Novotny, T. E., Hughes, R. G., & Eriksen, M. P. (1995). Environmental and policy interventions to control tobacco use and prevent cardiovascular disease. Health Education Quarterly, 22(4), 478-498. ##Choi, K., Fabian, L., Mottey, N., Corbett, A., & Forster, J. (2012). Young adults’ favorable perceptions of snus, dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes: findings from a focus group study. American journal of public health, 102(11), 2088-2093. ##Erinoso, O., Oyapero, A., Amure, M., Osoba, M., Osibogun, O., et al. (2021). Electronic cigarette use among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria: Prevalence, associated factors and patterns of use. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258850. ##Fakhari, A., Mohammadpoorasl, A., Nedjat, S., Sharif Hosseini, M., & Fotouhi, A. (2015). Hookah smoking in high school students and its determinants in Iran: a longitudinal study. American journal of men's health, 9(3), 186-192. [Persian]##Ghasemi, V., Simbar, M., Rashidi Fakari, F., Saei Ghare Naz, M., & Kiani, Z. (2019). The effect of peer education on health promotion of Iranian adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Pediatrics, 7(3), 9139-9157. [Persian]##Ghavidel, N., Samadi, M., Kharmanbiz, A., Asadi, A., Feyzi, A., et al. (2012). Investigation of substance use prevalence and the interrelated factors involved through third-year high school students in Nazarabad city from January 2008 to June 2008. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(97), 29-37. [Persian]##Gielen, A. C., & Green, L. W. (2015). The impact of policy, environmental, and educational interventions: a synthesis of the evidence from two public health success stories. Health Education & Behavior, 42(1_suppl), 20S-34S. ##Hemayatkhah, M., Ghaffari, S., Masjedi, M. R., & Rahmanian, V. (2021). Frequency of tobacco use among students in Varamin city: Results of the first phase of the PAD project study (Tobacco Use Prevention in Schools). Koomesh journal, 23(6), 777-784. [Persian]##Jafari, A., Rajabi, A., Gholian-Aval, M., Peyman, N., Mahdizadeh, M., et al. (2021). National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 26(1), 1-13. [Persian]##Kelishadi, R., Shahsanai, A., Qorbani, M., Motlagh, M. E., Jari, M., et al. (2016). Tobacco use and influencing factors among Iranian children and adolescents at national and subnational levels, according to socioeconomic status: the Caspian-IV Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(5). [Persian]##Khani Jeihooni, A., Mobaraei, A., Kiani, A., Afzali Harsini, P., & Karami Ghazi Khani, S. (2022). The effect of the educational intervention on empowerment of male high school students in prevention of smoking. Journal of Substance Use, 27(2), 162-167. [Persian]##Kim, S. Y., Jang, M., Yoo, S., JeKarl, J., Chung, J. Y., et al. (2020). School-based tobacco control and smoking in adolescents: evidence from multilevel analyses. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(10), 3422. ##Masjedi, M., Ghaffari, S., Roshanfekr, P., Hessari, M. B., Hamzehali, S., et al. (2020). Implementing Prevention against Tobacco Dependence (PAD)" Toward the Tobacco-Free Schools, Neighborhoods, and Cities": Study Protocol. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 20(3), e00490. [Persian]##Meysamie, A., Mahdiin, Z., & Seddigh, L. (2015). Frequency of tobacco use among students in Tehran city. Tehran University Medical Journal, 73(7), 515-526. [Persian]##Murphy-Hoefer, R., Griffith, R., Pederson, L. L., Crossett, L., Iyer, S. R., et al. (2005). A review of interventions to reduce tobacco use in colleges and universities. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(2), 188-200. ##O’Connor, S., Pelletier, H., Bayoumy, D., & Schwartz, R. (2019). Interventions to Prevent Harms from Vaping-Report for the Central East TCAN Shawn O’Connor. ##Organization, W. H. (2019). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025: World Health Organization.##Pirdehghan, A., Vakili, M., Arab, M., & Aghakoochak, A. (2014). Smoking frequency and modeling the underlying predicting factors of tobacco smoking among high school students in Yazd city, 2012. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 16(5). [Persian]##Rani, M., Bonu, S., Jha, P., Nguyen, S., & Jamjoum, L. (2003). Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey. Tobacco control, 12(4), e4-e4. ##Yang, H., Ma, C., Zhao, M., Magnussen, C. G., & Xi, B. (2022). Prevalence and trend of smokeless tobacco use and its associated factors among adolescents aged 12–16 years in 138 countries/territories, 1999–2019. BMC medicine, 20(1), 1-12.## ##

The Effect of Goal Orientation on Auditors' Judgment Performance with the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy 2 2 Background: auditors are required to make judgments in various fields, and their cognitive limitations lead to the deviation of their judgments. Goal orientation, which comes from the motivation of each person, as well as self-efficacy as another cognitive factor, can affect the way auditors’ judge. Therefore, this research examines the relationship between goal orientation and auditors' judgment performance, emphasizing the mediating role of self-efficacy. Methods: The statistical population of this research is auditors working in auditing institutes in Yazd and Isfahan provinces in 2021. In order to collect data, the auditors' standard performance questionnaires of Susetyo, Elliot and McGregor's goal orientation questionnaire and Bell and Kozlowski's self-efficacy questionnaire were used. Results: The results of the structural equation modeling test in Amos software showed that out of the four dimensions of goal orientation, two dimensions of performance approach goal and mastery approach goal had a positive and significant relationship with auditors' self-efficacy and judgment performance (P < 0.05). The two dimensions of mastery avoidance goal and performance avoidance goal had a negative and significant relationship with self-efficacy and the auditors' judgment performance (P < 0.05). While self-efficacy had a positive and significant relationship with the auditors' judgment performance (β = 0.786, P = 0.000). Moreover, self-efficacy played a mediating role between the three dimensions of goal orientation, i.e. performance approach goal (β = 0.685, P = 0.033), performance avoidance goal (β = -0.671, P = 0.002), and mastery avoidance goal (β = -0.139, P = 0.014), with the auditors' judgment performance. Moreover, self-efficacy played a mediating role between the three dimensions of goal orientation, i.e. performance approach goal, performance avoidance goal and mastery avoidance goal, with the auditors' judgment performance. Conclusion: According to the research findings, it is important to pay attention to the auditors' psychological factors because these factors affect the auditors' judgment. This research helps companies and their audit committee to pay special attention to the psychological characteristics of auditors, including their goal orientation and self-efficacy in selecting an auditor.   1061 1071 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/212023/03/162022/10/202022/11/62023/02/20 1401/12/1 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/292023/04/252023/02/52023/03/292023/04/22 1402/2/2 Fatemeh Zare Bidoki Fatemeh Zare Bidoki Department of Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran arefmanesh@yazd.ac.ir Zohreh Arefmanesh Zohreh Arefmanesh Department of Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran fatemeh.zb.93@gmail.com Jamal Barzegari Khaneghah Jamal Barzegari Khaneghah Department of Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran barzegari@yazd.ac.ir Work Performance Goals Self-Efficacy Goal orientation Ames. C. (1992). Classroom: goals, structures and student. Journal of Educational Psychology. 84, 241-261. ##Bell, B.S. and Kozlowski, S.W. (2002), “Goal orientation and ability: interactive effects on self-efficacy, performance, and knowledge”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 497-505.##Cahya, G. A. E., & Mukiwihando, R. (2020). TH The effect of goal orientation, self-efficacy, obedience pressure, and task complexity on audit judgment at inspectorate general of the ministry of finance. Jurnal manajemen keuangan public. 4(1), 57-71.##Darmayanti, N., Anggraeni, R, N., Suhardiyah, M., & Suharsono, J. (2022). The effect of self-efficacy, goal orientation and obedience pressure on audit judgment. financial: Jurnal Akuntansi Published by Program Studi Akuntansi STIE Sultan Agung, 8(1), 27-39. ##Elliot, a.j & mcgregor, a. (2001). a 2×2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (3), 510–519.##Geitz, G., Joosten-ten Brinke, D., & Kirschner, P. A. (2016). Changing learning behaviour: Self-efficacy and goal orientation in PBL groups in higher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 75, 146-158.##Hassanpour, R., Ahmedpour, R., Shoghi Leshkajani, S., & Bagheri, S. (2015). Investigating the relationship between employee self-efficacy and employee job performance. The second national conference of modern researches in the field of humanities and social studies of Iran. [Persian]##Iskandar, T. M., & Sanusi, Z. M. (2011). Assessing the effects of self-efficacy and task complexity on internal control audit judgment. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting & Finance, 7(1).‌ 29-52.##Kamali S, karami R, Kargarpour K. (2022) Investigating the Impact of Self-Efficacy and Job Performance with the Mediating Role of Mental Toughness of Accountants: Case Study Offices of Arvand Free Zone. َAAPC, 7 (13), 298-334. [Persian]##Kozlowski, S.W.J., Gully, S.M., Brown, K.G., Salas, E., Smith, E.M. and Nason, E.R. (2001). “Effects of training goals and goal orientation traits on multidimensional training outcomes and performance adaptability”. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 85 (1), 1-31.##Larastati, D. S. (2019). Pengaruh goal orientation, self-efficacy dan kompleksitas tugas terhadap audit judgment (doctoral dissertation, universitas airlangga).‌##McKnight, C.A. and Wright, W.F. (2011), “Characteristics of relatively high-performance auditors”, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 30(1), 191-206.##McShane, S., & Glinow, M. (2008). Organizational behavior: Emerging realities for the workplace revolution. New York: The McGrawHill/Irwin##Naami, A., Khaje, N., & Shamsi, M. (2015). A survey Investigate Mediating Role of Goal Orientation Climate in Relationship of Goal Orientation with Some Job Variables in Service Organization. Quarterly Journal of Career & Organizational, 7(24), 130-147. [Persian]##Nezami, A., pourheydari, O., & Pakdaman, M. (2020). The Effect of Personality Traits (Conscientiousness and Agreeableness), Emotion-Thinking and Risk Taking on Auditor's Judgment with Regard to Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy. Quarterly Journal of Financial Accounting Knowledge, 7(1), 1-24.##Pawitra, D. A. K., & Suhartini, D. (2019). The influence of individual behavioral aspects toward audit judgment: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura, 22(2), 264-273.‌##Pouratashi, M. & zamani, A. (2017). Assessing and Examining the Relationship of Thinking Styles and Goal Orientation with Academic Performance. Quarterly of Educatinal Psychology, 13(45), 59-81. [Persian]##Randall, E., Schumacher and Richard J. L. (2099). Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. Regmedy by Dr. Vahid Ghasemi, Societology Publications.##Sadoughi M. (2018). The Relationship between Academic Self-Efficacy, Academic Resilience, Academic Adjustment, and Academic Performance among Medical Students. Journal of Educational Strategies in Medical Sciences, 11(2), 7-11. [Persian]##Safarzadeh, S., & Marashian, F. S. (2016). The Relationship between Goal Orientation and Meta Cognition with Academic Self-Efficacy in Female Students of Ahvaz Branch Islamic Azad University. Woman and Culture, 8(28), 23-36. [Persian]##Sanusi, M, Z., Iskandar, T. M., Monroe, G. S., & Saleh, N. M. (2018). Effects of goal orientation, self-efficacy and task complexity on the audit judgement performance of Malaysian auditors. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 31(1), 75-95.##Stajkovic, A.D. and Luthans, F. (1998), “Self-efficacy and work-related performance: a meta-analysis”. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240-261.##Su, J. M., Lee, S. C., Tsai, S. B., & Lu, T. L. (2016). A comprehensive survey of the relationship between self-efficacy and performance for the governmental auditors. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-13.##Susetyo, D. (2009). Implikasi ekonomi atas opini penilaian pengelolaan keuangan daerah. Journal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 7(1), 1-13 ##Usman, A., Kusumawati, A., & Mannan, A. (2021). The Effect of Work Experience, Motivation, and Culture on Auditor Performance Mediated by Self Efficacy. psychology and education, 58(1), 474-489.##VandeWalle, D. (2001). Goal orientation: Why wanting to look successful doesn’t always lead to success. Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 162-171.##VandeWalle, D., Cron, W.L. and Slocum, J.W. Jr (2001), “The role of goal orientation following performance feedback”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 629-641. ##Yasa, I. B. A., Sukayasa, I. K., & Pratiwi, N. M. W. D. (2019). The Role of Self-Efficacy Mediating the Effect of Goal Orientation and Task Complexity on Judgment Audit Performance. In International Conference On Applied Science and Technology 2019-Social Sciences Track (iCASTSS 2019). Atlantis Press.‌## ##

Investigating the Relationship between Individual and Organization Fit and Psychological Empowerment and Constructive Thinking in Medical Personnel of Hospital in Behbahan City in 2022 2 2 Background: Psychological empowerment and constructive thinking and its fit with the job are one of the most important success factors in advancing the organization's goals and increasing commitment and job performance. This study was conducted to investigating the relationship between individual and organizational fit and psychological empowerment and constructive thinking in medical personnel of a Hospital in Behbahan City in 2022. Methods: This descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study was conducted on 250. The assessment of psychological empowerment was measured using a 15-question Spritzer and Meishert questionnaire, the evaluation of constructive thinking was measured using a 28-question Epstein and Mayer questionnaire, and the state of individual and organizational fit was measured using a 10-question Scroggins questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS 26 software and a significance level of 0.05. Results: The average age of the study participants was 36.21 years. The average score of psychological empowerment was 13.39 ± 9.84, which was higher than the average and was at a desirable level. The average score of constructive thinking was 27.75 ± 19.08, which was at the optimal level and above the average. The average score of fit between the individual and the organization was 18.91 ± 17.08 which was above the average and at the optimal level. There was a positive and significant relationship between the average score of individual-organization fit and constructive thinking (p = 0.007). The relationship between the mean score of psychological empowerment and constructive thinking was also positive and significant (p = 0.000). However, there was no significant relationship between the average score of individual-organization fit and psychological empowerment (p = 0.196). Conclusion: According to the results and the positive relationship between the fit variables of the organization and the psychological empowerment with constructive thinking, it is possible to improve the other variables with the positive changes and promotion of each of them and advance it towards its goals by promoting the organization.   1072 1080 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/212023/03/162022/10/202022/11/62023/02/202023/02/15 1401/11/26 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/292023/04/252023/02/52023/03/292023/04/222023/04/30 1402/2/10 Asghar Ramezani Asghar Ramezani Department of Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran asghar.ramazani1359@gmail.com Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Department of Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran zohrehkarimian68@gmail.com Psychological Empowerment Thinking Organizations Antall, G. F. (2008). Assessing job candidates for fit: Merlin press.##Gardner, L. (2012). From Novice to Expert: Benner's legacy for nurse education. Nurse Education Today, 32(4), 339-340. ##Moradi, M., Hakimi, E. (2018). The Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Deviant Behaviors: Mediator Role of Person-Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit. Public Administration Perspective, 9(34), 67-85. [Persian]##Werbel, J. D., & Johnson, D. J. (2001). The use of person–group fit for employment selection: A missing link in person–environment fit. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 40(3), 227-2405. ##Shin, Y. (2005). The effect of perceived team person-environment fit on team performance in Korean Firms: An examination of mediating and moderating effects: Columbia University.##Vancouver, J. B., Schmitt, N. W. (1991). An exploratory examination of person‐organization fit: Organizational goal congruence. Personnel psychology, 44(2), 333-352. ##Ott, J. S. (1989). The organizational culture perspective: Dorsey Press.##Lauver, K. J., Kristof-Brown, A. (2001). Distinguishing between employees' perceptions of person–job and person–organization fit. Journal of vocational behavior, 59(3), 454-470.##Mehri, Y., Ghorbani, N., Langroudi, S. (2012). Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Integrative Self-Knowledge, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Self-Control. Mental Health Indicators (Depression, Anxiety, Stress) and Teachers’ Job Performance Journal of Industrial/Organization Psychology, 3(11), 9-20. [Persian]##Lam, W., Huo, Y., Chen, Z. (2018). Who is fit to serve? Person–job/organization fit, emotional labor, and customer service performance. Human Resource Management, 57(2), 483-497. ##Boon, C., Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P., Paauwe, J. (2011). 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Evaluating the Level of Inter Professional Communication and Collaboration Self-Efficacy and Empathy with Patients among Medical Residents in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, 2020 2 2 Background: Medical assistants spend numerous hours of their day in the work environment, which may influence their performance. Empathy with the patients has a significant impact on the treatment process. This study was conducted among residents of different medical disciplines to determine self-efficacy in inter professional collaboration and empathy in dealing with the patients. Methods:  This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study on all medical residents at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected via the following questionnaires: demographic (including age, gender, marital status, year of study, and specialty), Jefferson’s scale of empathy, self-efficacy, and Hagemeier’s interring professional collaboration. Results: Of the 162 questionnaires distributed, 135 were received (response rate = 83.33%). The mean age and work experience were 31.42 ± 4.56 and 2.70 ± 4.18 years, respectively. Self-efficacy scores in inter professional cooperation and teamwork was at a good level and empathy scores were at a moderate level. There was a significant relationship between marital status and self-efficacy (p = 0.03). Empathy was related to medical residents’ level of interest in their field (p = 0.019). There was no gender difference in empathy (p = 0.77) and self-efficacy scores (p = 0.36). However, males had higher inter professional communication scores compared to females (p = 0.001). Psychiatric residents had the highest and orthopedic residents had the lowest scores in empathy with the patients, empathic patient care, and emotional separation.  Conclusion: This study showed that medical residents had an acceptable level of self-efficacy and empathy, which differed among medical fields. Similar studies should be conducted to therefore assemble an educational program for medical residents to increase empathic patient care and achieve inter professional cooperation goals.   1081 1090 2023/02/202023/01/92023/01/302023/01/222022/10/242023/01/252022/11/152023/01/212023/03/162022/10/202022/11/62023/02/202023/02/152023/01/1 1401/10/11 2023/04/292023/04/12023/05/32023/04/272023/04/22023/05/12023/04/292023/04/292023/04/252023/02/52023/03/292023/04/222023/04/302023/04/22 1402/2/2 Mohaddese Baghian Mohaddese Baghian Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd , Iran Iran mohaddese.baghian@gmail.com Zanire Salimi Zanire Salimi Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran Iran salimizn@mums.ac.ir Fatemeh Keshmiri Fatemeh Keshmiri Department of Medical Education, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd , Iran Iran keshmiri1395@gmail.com Parisa Ghasemi Noghabi Parisa Ghasemi Noghabi Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran Iran P.ghasemi.n@gmail.com Reza Bidaki Reza Bidaki 1. Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2. Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran reza.bidak222@gmail.com Fateme Hosseini Kasnavie Fateme Hosseini Kasnavie Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hosseini.k.f@gmail.com Tahere Sadeghiyeh Tahere Sadeghiyeh Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran dr_ta.sadeghiyeh@yahoo.com Farima Fallah Tafti Farima Fallah Tafti Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran farima.tafti@gmail.com Empathy Inter professional relations Medical residency Physicians Self-efficacy Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.##Collins, L., Sicks, S., Hass, R. W., Vause-Earland, T., Ward, J., et al. (2021). Self-efficacy and empathy development through interprofessional student hotspotting. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 35(2), 320-323. Avalable at: https:// doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1712337.##Eklund, J. H., & Meranius, M. S. (2021). Toward a consensus on the nature of empathy: A review of reviews. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(2), 300-307.##Guidi, C., & Traversa, C. (2021). Empathy in patient care: from ‘Clinical Empathy’to ‘Empathic Concern’. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 24, 573-585.‌ ##Hagemeier, NE, Hess, R, Hagen, KS & Sorah, EL.(2014). Impact of an interprofessional communication course on nursing, medical, and pharmacy students’ communication skill self-efficacy beliefs. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 78(10). Doi: 10.5688/ajpe7810186. PMID: 25657373; PMCID: PMC4315208.##Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R. (2019). Empathy present and future. The Journal of social psychology, 159(3), 225-243.‌##Hassankhani, H, Aghdam, AM, Rahmani, A & Mohammadpoorfard, Z. (2014).The relationship between learning motivation and self-efficacy among nursing students. Research and Development in Medical Education. 4(1), 97-101. Doi: 10.15171/rdme.2015.016.##Jin, J., Li, H., Song, W., Jiang, N., Zhao, W., et al. (2020). The mediating role of psychological capital on the relation between distress and empathy of medical residents: a cross-sectional survey. Medical Education Online, 25(1). Doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2019.1710326.##Keshmiri, F. (2019). Assessment of the interprofessional collaboration of healthcare team members: validation of Interprofessional Collaborator Assessment Rubric (ICAR) and pilot study. Journal of Military Medicine, 21(6), 647-656. ##Keshmiri, F. (2021). Relationship between Self-efficacy and Attitudes towards Interprofessional collaboration and Communication in Learners of Different disciplines of Medical Sciences. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 18(1), 1-8. Doi.org/10.22062/sdme.2020.193866.1015.##Kheirabadi, G., Haji, R. M., Mahki, B., Masaiely, N., Yahaei, M., et al. (2016). Empathy with Patients in Medical Sciences Faculty Physicians at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 14(2), 154-160. PMID: 3423510##Moralle, M. R., Preston, J. S., Chen, L., & Berberian, W. S. (2016). An exploratory study of empathy in resident physicians at an urban medical center. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 9(2), 526.##Moudatsou, M., Stavropoulou, A., Philalithis, A., & Koukouli, S. (2020). The role of empathy in health and social care professionals. Healthcare, 8(1), 26. MDPI, 2020.‌##Nogi, M., Wong, L. C., Yamanaka, A. B., Richardson, K., Ng-Osorio, J., et al. (2020). An evaluation of an interprofessional simulation training session on end-of-life-care conversations in the intensive care unit. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 21, 100357. Doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2020.100357.##Park, C., Lee, Y. J., Hong, M., Jung, C. H., Synn, Y., et al. (2016). A multicenter study investigating empathy and burnout characteristics in medical residents with various specialties. Journal of Korean medical science, 31(4), 590-597. Doi: 10.3346/jkms. 2016. 31.4.590.## Riess, H., Kelley, J. M., Bailey, R. W., Dunn, E. J., & Phillips, M. (2012). Empathy training for resident physicians: a randomized controlled trial of a neuroscience-informed curriculum. Journal of general internal medicine, 27(10), 1280-1286. PMID: 22549298; PMCID: PMC3445669.##Seeberger, A., Lönn, A., Hult, H., Weurlander, M., & Wernerson, A. (2020). Can empathy be preserved in medical education?. International Journal of Medical Education, 11, 83.##Shariat, S. V., & Kaykhavoni, A. (2010). Empathy in medical residents at Iran University of Medical Sciences. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology, 16(3), 248-256. URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1090-en.html.##Swing, S. R. (2002). Assessing the ACGME general competencies: general considerations and assessment methods. Academic Emergency Medicine, 9(11), 1278-1288.##van Diggele, C., Roberts, C., Burgess, A., & Mellis, C. (2020). Interprofessional education: tips for design and implementation. BMC Medical Education, 20(2), 1-6.##Walocha, E., Tomaszewski, K., Wilczek-Rużyczka, E., & Walocha, J. (2013). Empathy and burnout among physicians of different specialities. Folia Medica Cracoviensia, 53(2).## West, C. P., Huschka, M. M., Novotny, P. J., Sloan, J. A., Kolars, J. C., Habermann, T. M., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2006). Association of perceived medical errors with resident distress and empathy: a prospective longitudinal study. Jama, 296(9), 1071-1078. Doi: 10.1001/ jama.296.9. 1071.##Wilkinson, H., Whittington, R., Perry, L., & Eames, C. (2017). Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Burnout research, 6, 18-29. Doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2017. 06.003.## ##