2021 5 2 10 772

Green Space and Quality of Life: An Approach to the Requirements of the Elderly 2 2 This articles hasnot abstract. 666 668 2021/02/7 1399/11/19 2021/11/7 1400/8/16 Ameneh Marzban Ameneh Marzban Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ایران amenemarzban@yahoo.com Masoud Soleymani-rad Masoud Soleymani-rad Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh Branch, Isfahan, Iran. ایران amenemarzban@yahoo.com Green Space Quality of Life Requirements Elderly Barbosa, O., Tratalos, J. A., Armsworth, P. R., Davies, R. G., Fuller, R. A., Johnson, P., & Gaston, K. J. (2007). Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. Landscape and Urban planning, 83(2-3), 187-195. ##Coolen, H., & Meesters, J. (2012). Private and public green spaces: meaningful but different settings. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 27(1), 49-67. ##Davies, C., & Lafortezza, R. (2017). Urban green infrastructure in Europe: Is greenspace planning and policy compliant? Land Use Policy, 69, 93-101. ##Dzhambov, A., Hartig, T., Markevych, I., Tilov, B., & Dimitrova, D. (2018). Urban residential greenspace and mental health in youth: Different approaches to testing multiple pathways yield different conclusions. Environmental research, 160, 47-59. ##Ekkel, E. D., & de Vries, S. (2017). Nearby green space and human health: Evaluating accessibility metrics. Landscape and urban planning, 157, 214-220. ##Hamid, N., & Babamiri, M. (2012). The Relationship of Green Space and Mental Health. Armaghane danesh, 17(4), 309-316. ##Hoffimann, E., Barros, H., & Ribeiro, A. I. (2017). Socioeconomic inequalities in green space quality and accessibility—Evidence from a Southern European city. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(8), 916. ##Kabisch, N., Strohbach, M., Haase, D., & Kronenberg, J. (2016). Urban green space availability in European cities. Ecological indicators, 70, 586-596. ##Kazemi, N., Sajjadi, H., & Bahrami, G. (2019). Quality of life in Iranian elderly. salmand, 13(518), 518-532. ##Lau, K. K.-L., Yung, C. C.-Y., & Tan, Z. (2021). Usage and perception of urban green space of older adults in the high-density city of Hong Kong. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 64, 127251. ##Lee, H. J., & Lee, D. K. (2019). Do sociodemographic factors and urban green space affect mental health outcomes among the urban elderly population? International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(5), 789. ##McCracken, D. S., Allen, D. A., & Gow, A. J. (2016). Associations between urban greenspace and health-related quality of life in children. Preventive medicine reports, 3, 211-221. ##Wang, D., Lau, K. K.-L., Yu, R., Wong, S. Y., Kwok, T. T., & Woo, J. (2017). Neighbouring green space and mortality in community-dwelling elderly Hong Kong Chinese: a cohort study. BMJ open, 7(7), e015794. ##Wen, C., Albert, C., & Von Haaren, C. (2018). The elderly in green spaces: Exploring requirements and preferences concerning nature-based recreation. Sustainable cities and society, 38, 582-593. ##You, H. (2016). Characterizing the inequalities in urban public green space provision in Shenzhen, China. Habitat International, 56, 176-180. ##Zhang, Y., Van den Berg, A. E., Van Dijk, T., & Weitkamp, G. (2017). Quality over quantity: Contribution of urban green space to neighborhood satisfaction. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(5), 535.## ##

Stress, Depression, and Insomnia in Medical Staff duringCOVID-19Pandemic :A Letter to Editor 2 2  This articles has no abstract. 669 671 2021/02/72021/04/2 1400/1/13 2021/11/72021/11/13 1400/8/22 Reza Jafari Nodoushan Reza Jafari Nodoushan Department of Health, Safety and Environment Management (HSE), School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران jafari@yahoo.com Hadi Alimoradi Hadi Alimoradi Department of Health, Safety and Environment Management (HSE), School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران hadialimoradY@yahoo.com Mahsa Nazari Mahsa Nazari Department of Health, Safety and Environment Management (HSE), School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران nazarimahsa95@yahoo.com Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. ##Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., . . . Gong, Q. (2020). Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet, 395(10226), 809-815. ##Gong, F., Xiong, Y., Xiao, J., Lin, L., Liu, X., Wang, D., & Li, X. (2020). China’s local governments are combating COVID-19 with unprecedented responses—from a Wenzhou governance perspective. Frontiers of Medicine, 1-5. ##Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., . . . Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. ##Li, L., Wan, C., Ding, R., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Wu, Z., . . . Li, C. (2015). Mental distress among Liberian medical staff working at the China Ebola Treatment Unit: a cross sectional study. Health and quality of life outcomes, 13(1), 1-6. ##Malik, Y. S., Kumar, N., Sircar, S., Kaushik, R., Bhat, S., Dhama, K., . . . Ghoshal, U. (2020). Coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19): challenges and a global perspective. Pathogens, 9(7), 519. ##Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. ##Ranard, L. S., Ahmad, Y., Masoumi, A., Chuich, T., Romney, M.-L. S., Gavin, N., . . . Rabbani, L. E. (2020). Clinical pathway for management of suspected or positive novel coronavirus-19 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Critical Pathways in Cardiology, 19(2), 49-54.## ##

Serious Suicide Attempt by Hunting Gun with Severely Infectious Wounds and Facial Deformity during COVID-19 Arena; A Case Report 2 2 The etiology of suicide among students around the world revolves issues such as communication, education, family problems and parents’ relationship. We intend to report a case with serious recurrent suicide attempt by gun shot during COVID-19 period. We also present psychiatric and clinical evaluation, cosmetic surgery consultation, as well as microbial assessments in this survey. The seventeen-year-old single male student from southwest of Iran with asymmetric deformed face was observed with the loss of parts of the mouse, nose, chin and mandible region .He had experienced a serious suicide attempt by a threatening plan following rejection. The patient had blurred, hypo phonic and hypotonic speech.  Following the shooting, the soft and hard palate, facial, frontal bone and sinus had been destroyed and a foreign body was seen in the frontal sinus. After suicide risk as assessment, It was detected multiple predictive risk factors for recent suicide attempt and the possibility of recurrent suicide in future. Finally, reconstructive surgery was performed. We assessed him via face to face interview in order to identify psychiatric disorders. Also, he was evaluated as probability of committing recurrent suicide. It is emphasized that in families which young children are prone to psychiatric disorders or emotional problems, availability of a dangerous device such as a gun can be harmful and it should be removed as soon as possible. We suggest the need for psychiatric evaluation especially suicide phenomenon in adolescents and their families as various conflicts in family context. 672 677 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/10 1400/4/19 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/9 1400/8/18 Reza Bidaki Reza Bidaki Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران reza_bidaki@yahoo.com Maryam Sadeh Maryam Sadeh Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران sadeh_m20@yahoo.com Behavior COVID-19 Infection control Psychiatry Suicide Arafat, S. M. Y. (2019). Psychological autopsy study in Bangladesh: An unmet need to formulate preventive strategy of suicide. Asian J Psychiatr, 43, 85-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019. 05.019 ##Balci, Y., Canogullari, G., & Ulupinar, E. (2007). Characterization of the gunshot suicides. J Forensic Leg Med, 14(4), 203-208. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.06.025 ##Carr, M. J., Steeg, S., Webb, R. T., Kapur, N., Chew-Graham, C. A., Abel, K. M., . . . Ashcroft, D. M. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary care-recorded mental illness and self-harm episodes in the UK: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health, 6(2), e124-e135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20) 30288-7##Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur, N., . . . Collaboration, C.-S. P. R. (2020). Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 468-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20) 30171-1##Haw, C., Sutton, L., Simkin, S., Gunnell, D., Kapur, N., Nowers, M., & Hawton, K. (2004). Suicide by gunshot in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature. Med Sci Law, 44(4), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.44.4.295 ##Kaggwa, M. M., Nuwamanya, S., Ashaba, S., Rukundo, G. Z., & Harms, S. (2021). An Adolescent's Use of Veterinary Medicines: A Case Report Exploring Addiction. J Psychoactive Drugs, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02791072. 2021.1873466 ##Kposowa, A. J. (2013). Association of suicide rates, gun ownership, conservatism and individual suicide risk. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 48(9), 1467-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0664-4 ##Mahon, C. R., & Lehman, D. C. (2019). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. In: Elsevier.##Mamun, M. A., Siddique, A. B., Sikder, M. T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Student Suicide Risk and Gender: A Retrospective Study from Bangladeshi Press Reports. Int J Ment Health Addiction. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00267-3 ##Miller, M., Lippmann, S. J., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2007). Household Firearm Ownership and Rates of Suicide Across the 50 United States. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 62(4), 1029-1035. https://journals.lww. com/ jtrauma/Fulltext/2007/04000/Household_ Firearm_Ownership_and_Rates_of_Suicide.31.aspx##Mugisha, J., Hjelmeland, H., Kinyanda, E., & Knizek, B. L. (2013). Religious views on suicide among the Baganda, Uganda: a qualitative study. Death Stud, 37(4), 343-361. https://doi.org/10. 1080/07481187.2011.641136 ##Rodway, C., Tham, S. G., Ibrahim, S., Turnbull, P., Windfuhr, K., Shaw, J., . . . Appleby, L. (2016). Suicide in children and young people in England: a consecutive case series. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 751-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16) 30094-3.## ##

Meaning and Interpretations of Child Abuse by Abuser Parents: A Qualitative Study 2 2 Background: Child abuse has destructive consequences for the abused and the abuser which can launch a cycle of inter-generational violence. Our aim was to understand the constructions of child abuse by adult parents. Methods: The research was carried with generic (basic) qualitative research method. Participants included 12 adults who abused their children during the recent year (2020) at Yazd City. The adult participants were selected by snowball-purposeful sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed with grounded theory analysis method. Results: After analyzing transcribes, 6 main categories were constructed: abuse transmission, suffered self, normative violence, relationship problems, institutional inefficiency and pressured family. Life world of harassment emerged as the core category. Conclusion: The findings presented the cycle of abuse created through learning and transmitting.   678 686 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/10 1399/10/21 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/15 1400/8/24 Nahid Heidari Nahid Heidari Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران heydarinegar7@gmail.com Hossein Afrasiabi Hossein Afrasiabi Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران hafrasiabi@Yazd.ac.ir Seyed Reza Javadian Seyed Reza Javadian Department of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران javadian@yazd.ac.ir Child abuse Child neglect Family Violence Parent. Aghabakhshi, H., Harirchi, M. &Jangravi, F. (2005). A survey on mothers knowledge Attitude and practice about child abuse, Journal of Social work, 5(3): (76-85).##Arabgol, F.,Derakhshanpour, F.,Gonahi, L. (2016)."The effect of parenting skills training on the general health of child Abuser mothers." Scientific Journal of Gorgan Medical Sciences University, 18 (1): 51-71.##AsadAlahi, A., Baratvand, M. (2005). STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN CHILD ABUSE BY PARENTS AND WICKEDNESS OF THEIR CHILD and the Criminal Model of wickedness in Abused Children (Case Study: wicked Criminals in Khuzestan Province Prisons)", Social Welfare Quarterly, 5(19), 225-252##Behbudi, H. (2006). "Child Abuse”, Exceptional Education Journal. 6:1-4.##Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist 35(4):320-335.##Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin 114(3):413-434.##Bower-Russa, M. E., Knutson, J. F. &Winebarger, A.(2001). Disciplinary history, adult disciplinary attitudes, and risk for abusive parenting. Journal of Community Psychology 29(3):219-240.##Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis, Sage.##Cicchetti, D., Valentino, K.(2006). An ecological transactional perspective on child maltreatment: Failure of the average expectable environment and its influence upon child development. In Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation. 2nd ed. Vol. 3, edited by D. Cicchetti and D. J. Cohen. New York, NY: Wiley. Pp. 129-201.##Cicchetti, D., Lynch, M.(1993).Towards an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development. Psychiatry- Interpersonal and Biological Processes 56(1): 96-118.##Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L. (1998).Perspectives on research and practice in developmental psychopathology. In Handbook of child psychology, 5th ed. Vol 4: Child psychology in practice, edited by W. Damon, I. E. Sigel and K. A. Renninger. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Pp. 479-583.##Garosi, B., Safizadeh, H., TajDini, R. (2005). "Assessing the level of awareness of interns in Kerman University of Medical Sciences about child abuse", Center of Study and Development of Medical Education Journal (2)2, 109-115.##Gelles, R. J. (1997). Intimate violence in families. Third ed. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.##Ghomashchi, F. (2006)."Child abuse". Tehran: Social Affairs and Guidance of NAJA Publications.##IOM (Institute of Medicine) & NRC (National Research Council) (2013).New Directions in child abuse and neglect research.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.www.iom. edu## ##

Assessment of European Foundation for Quality Management of Organizational Excellence Model Function of Yasuj Shahid Beheshti Hospital 2 2 Background: Organizations have to apply modern management systems in order to move toward their excellent function. The EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) organizational excellence model, established in Europe, is one of the outstanding methods during the last two decades in the field of management. Using the EFQM model creates positive leaders, satisfied customers and good change management. The purpose of this study is to assess Yasuj Shahid Beheshti Hospital function based on EFQM model. Methods: this Cross-sectional-descriptive study conducted in 2020 in a health care center under supervision of the University of Medical Science of Kohkiloyeh Boyer Ahmad. The study population was selected from members of quality improvement committee in the studied hospitals. The statistical population was 200 people and 127 people were selected by Morgan table. The data gathering tools were assessment excellence model questionnaire. Results: results revealed that the maximum score obtained both totally and for the empowering factors was processes (50.52) and the minimum obtained for empowering items was 21.14 for the population results. Other factors values were obtained 35.08, 27.17, 30.69, 40.53, 75.64, 22.48 and 64.45 for leadership, policies and strategies, human resource, partnership and resources, customer's results, staff results and key hospital results, respectively. Conclusion :According to the results of the present study it seems that the organizational excellence model can be utilized as a comprehensive for assessing the healthcare centers. 687 692 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/4 1400/5/13 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/13 1400/8/22 Monika Motaghi Monika Motaghi Department of Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran ایران monika3005@yahoo.co.uk mohamad parsayi moghaddam mohamad parsayi moghaddam Department of Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran ایران monika3005@yahoo.co.uk lida gholizade lida gholizade Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine , Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran Branch, Iran. ایران monika3005@yahoo.co.uk EFQM health care quality assessment Hospital Administration quality improvement Azizi, M. H. (2007). The historical backgrounds of the ministry of health foundation in Iran, 119-123.##Dehnavi, R., Aale, N., & Norihekmat, S. (2007). Selfassessment based on European Foundation for Quality at Hasheminejhad Hospital, Iran Medical Science University. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Quality Managers (pp. 15-16).##Esmaeli, A. (2004). The Importance of developing criteria in evaluation system. Tadbir, 15(148), 30-2.##Kaplan, R. S., Kaplan, R. E., Norton, D. P., Davenport, T. H., & Norton, D. P. (2004).Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Harvard Business Press.##Kristiansen, K., Juhl, H. J., & Stergaard, P. (2001). Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in European relating. In UK: The world Congress for Total quality Management.##Malekzadeh, R., Mahmoodi, G., & Abedi, G. (2019). Performance assessment of sari imam khomeini hospital applying EFQM excellence model and operational planning. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 29(177), 157-165.##Moeller, J. (2001). The EFQM Excellence Model. German experiences with the EFQM approach in health care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 13(1), 45-49.##Nabitz, W. (2007). A self–assessment process based on Efqm an INK. Proceeding of the Iranian national productivity and Business Excellence Award, 12-13.##Parham, M., Fotouhi, M. A., Jandaghi, M., & Alipour Nodoushan, K. (2013). Performance Evaluation of Qom Shahid Beheshti Hospital Based on EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management). Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, 7(2), 79-85.##Rahimi, Z., Payamani, A., & ANBARI, K. (2015). The performance evaluation of Shahid Rahimi hospital in Khorramabad based on the organizational excellence model, 87-94.##Sadeghifar, J. (2007). Designing and providing strategic information system to manage hospitals based on balanced score model. In Proceedings of the 5th annual conference of students across the country, Health Services Management (pp. 9-12).##Sajadi, H. S., Hariri, M. H., KARIMI, S., & Baratpour, S. (2008). Performance self assessment by the excellence model in different hospitals of Isfahan university of medical sciences and healthcare services; 2006, 227-231.##Shahin, A., & Sanayeei, A. (2013). Performance evaluation of sadoghi hospital based on «EFQM» organizational excellence model. SSU_Journals, 21(1), 37-44.##Shams Mourkani, G., Ghahramani, M., Maarefvand, Z., & Zanganeh, F. (2014). Evaluating the Performance of Shahid Beheshti University Based on the EFQM Excellence Model. Journal of Management and Planning In Educational System, 7(1), 39-67.##Tabibi, J., Ghasem Begloo, A., & Jadidi, R. (2009). Designing a performance evaluation model for Iranian public hospitals: using the balanced scorecard. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, 12(1), 95-106.## ##

The challenging role of theory of mind in the mothers of children with attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder 2 2   Background: While theory of mind (ToM) deficit is frequently reported in children and adult with ADHD, there is no study investigating characteristics of ToM in their parents. This study aimed to investigate understanding intentionality as an important component of ToM ability in ADHD mothers and typically developing children’s mothers.   Methods:  Through available sampling, (50 mothers), 23 ADHD’s mothers were compared to 27 age and IQ matched typically developing children’s mothers. All participants were assessed using the Animated Triangle Task for ToM performance and the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to evaluate neurocognitive performance. The Mann–Whitney and t-test were used as data analysis methods to examine differences between two groups. Results: poor performance of ADHD mothers was at ToM task. (p < 0.001) However, no significant difference was found between the two groups of mothers in CPT-II performance (p > 0.001). Performance of ToM was not significantly associated with CPT-II. Conclusions: ADHD mothers may have deficits in understanding intentionality. The findings suggest that researchers pay more attention to recognizing social cognition and social communication characteristics of the parents of ADHD children. It seems that using specific training programs for the parents of ADHD children to achieve ToM capacities can contribute to the promotion of their children’s social development 693 705 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/7 1400/6/16 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/22 1400/9/1 Azar Mohammadzadeh Azar Mohammadzadeh Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran b. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran ایران mohamadzadeh.azar@yahoo.com Anahita Khorrami Banadaki Anahita Khorrami Banadaki Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran ایران Khorramiaanahita@gmail.com Atefeh Nezamolslami Atefeh Nezamolslami Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ایران Atefenezami@yahoo.com ADHD Theory of Mind Mental States Executive Functions Abdel‐Hamid, M., Niklewski, F., Heßmann, P., Guberina, N., Kownatka, M., Kraemer, M., Wiltfang, J. (2019). Impaired empathy but no theory of mind deficits in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain and Behavior, 9(10), e01401. ##Abedi M, Omidi A, Rezayat A (1995). A Preliminary Investigation ofthe validity of the Wechsler##Adult Intelligence Scale in Iranian sample (Unpublished master’s thesis).Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.##Aduen, P. A., Day, T. N., Kofler, M. J., Harmon, S. L., Wells, E. L., & Sarver, D. E. (2018). Social ##Problems in ADHD: Is it a Skills Acquisition or Performance Problem? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(3), 440-451.##Arabgol, F., Hayati, M., & Hadid, M. (2004). Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a group of university students. Advances in Cognitive Science, 6(1), 73-87. ##Arioli, M., Crespi, C., & Canessa, N. (2018). Social cognition through the lens of cognitive and clinical neuroscience. BioMed research international, 2018. ##Arranz, E., Artamendi, J., Olabarrieta, F., & Martín, J. (2002). Family context and theory of mind development. Early Child Development and Care, 172(1), 9-22. ##Arranz, E. B., Oliva, A., De Miguel, M. S., Olabarrieta, F., & Richards, M. (2010). Quality of family context and cognitive development: A cross sectional and longitudinal study. Journal of family Studies, 16(2), 130-142. ##Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological bulletin, 121(1), 65. ##Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook: Guilford Press.##Baron‐Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European journal of neuroscience, 11(6), 1891-1898. ##Bidwell, L. C., Gray, J. C., Weafer, J., Palmer, A. A., de Wit, H., & MacKillop, J. (2017). Genetic influences on ADHD symptom dimensions: Examination of a priori candidates, gene‐based tests, genome‐wide variation, and SNP heritability. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 174(4), 458-466. ##Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2016). Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder. Psychological medicine, 46(4), 699-716. ##Brikell, I., Kuja‐Halkola, R., & Larsson, H. (2015). Heritability of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 168(6), 406-413. ##Caillies, S., Bertot, V., Motte, J., Raynaud, C., & Abely, M. (2014). Social cognition in ADHD: irony understanding and recursive theory of mind. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(11), 3191-3198. ##Castelli, F., Happé, F., Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2000). Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage, 12(3), 314-325. ##Charman, T., Carroll, F., & Sturge, C. (2001). Theory of mind, executive function and social competence in boys with ADHD. Emotional and behavioural difficulties, 6(1), 31-49.##Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., & Sparrow, E. (2002). Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales–Self-Report: Short Version (CAARS–S: S). ##Conners, C. K., Staff, M., Connelly, V., Campbell, S., MacLean, M., & Barnes, J. (2000). Conners’ continuous performance Test II (CPT II v. 5). Multi-Health Syst Inc, 29, 175-196. ##Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual review of psychology, 64, 135-168. ##Dyck, M. J., Ferguson, K., & Shochet, I. M. (2001). Do autism spectrum disorders differ from each other and from non-spectrum disorders on emotion recognition tests?. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10(2), 105-116.##Ebert, S., Peterson, C., Slaughter, V., & Weinert, S. (2017). Links among parents’ mental state language, family socioeconomic status, and preschoolers’ theory of mind development. Cognitive Development, 44, 32-48.##Elosúa, M. R., Del Olmo, S., & Contreras, M. J. (2017). Differences in executive functioning in children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Frontiers in psychology, 8, 976.##Eyuboglu, M., Baykara, B., & Eyuboglu, D. (2018). Broad autism phenotype: theory of mind and empathy skills in unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28(1), 36-42. ##Farrow, C., & Blissett, J. (2014). Maternal mind-mindedness during infancy, general parenting sensitivity and observed child feeding behavior: a longitudinal study. Attachment & Human Development, 16(3), 230-241. ##Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and psychopathology, 21(4), 1355-1381. ##García-Laredo, E. (2018). Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: Description and Cognitive Familiar Endophenotypes. A Review of the Literature Psychosis-Biopsychosocial and Relational Perspectives: IntechOpen.##Gau, S. S. F., & Shang, C. Y. (2010). Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: evidence from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 838-849. ##Hughes, C., Devine, R. T., & Wang, Z. (2018). Does parental mind‐mindedness account for cross‐cultural differences in preschoolers’ theory of mind? Child development, 89(4), 1296-1310. ##Hughes, C., Dunn, J., & White, A. (1998). Trick or treat?: Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in “hard-to-manage” preschoolers. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(7), 981-994. ##Ibanez, A., Aguado, J., Baez, S., Huepe, D., Lopez, V., Ortega, R., ... & Cetkovich, M. (2014). From ##neural signatures of emotional modulation to social cognition: individual differences in healthy volunteers and psychiatric participants. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 9(7), 939-950.##Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., . . . Secnik, K. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of psychiatry, 163(4), 716-723. ##Luo, Y., Weibman, D., Halperin, J., & Li, X. (2019). A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Frontiers in human neuroscience, 13, 42. ##Mary, A., Slama, H., Mousty, P., Massat, I., Capiau, T., Drabs, V., & Peigneux, P. (2016). Executive and attentional contributions to Theory of Mind deficit in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychology, 22(3), 345-365. ##Mazzeschi, C., Buratta, L., Cavallina, C., Ghignoni, R., Margheriti, M., & Pazzagli, C. (2019). Parental ##reflective functioning in mothers and fathers of children with ADHD: Issues regarding assessment and implications for intervention. Frontiers in public health, 7, 263.##Meins, E. (2013). Sensitive attunement to infants’ internal states: Operationalizing the construct of mind-mindedness. Attachment & Human Development, 15(5-6), 524-544. ##Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Russell, J., & Clark‐Carter, D. (1998). Security of attachment as a predictor of symbolic and mentalising abilities: A longitudinal study. Social Development, 7(1), 1-24. ##Mohammadzadeh, A., Tehrani-doost, M., & Banaraki, A. K. (2012). Evaluation of ToM (intentionality) in primary school children using movement shape paradigm. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 32, 69-73. ##Mohammadzadeh, A., Tehrani-Doost, M., Khorrami, A., & Noorian, N. (2016). Understanding intentionality in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 8(2), 73-78. ##Musser, E. D., Lugo, Y., Ward, A. R., Tenenbaum, R. B., Morris, S., Brijmohan, N., & Martinez, J. ##(2018). Parent Emotion Expression and Autonomic-Linked Emotion Dysregulation in Childhood ADHD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(4), 593-605.##Nigg, J. T. (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes. Clinical psychology review, 33(2), 215-228. ##Ontai, L. L., & Thompson, R. A. (2008). Attachment, parent–child discourse and theory‐of‐mind development. Social Development, 17(1), 47-60. ##Papadopoulos, T. C., Panayiotou, G., Spanoudis, G., & Natsopoulos, D. (2005). Evidence of poor planning in children with attention deficits. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 33(5), 611-623. ##Perner, J., Lang, B., & Kloo, D. (2002). Theory of mind and self‐control: More than a common problem of inhibition. Child development, 73(3), 752-767.##Perroud, N., Badoud, D., Weibel, S., Nicastro, R., Hasler, R., Küng, A. L., ... & Prada, P. (2017). ##Mentalization in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comparison with controls and patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry research, 256, 334-341.##Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 36(6), 825-837. ##Ruffman, T., Slade, L., & Crowe, E. (2002). The relation between children's and mothers’ ##mental state language and theory‐of‐mind understanding. Child development, 73(3), 734-751. ##Şahin, B., Karabekiroğlu, K., Bozkurt, A., Usta, M. B., Aydın, M., & Çobanoğlu, C. (2018). The Relationship of Clinical Symptoms with Social Cognition in Children Diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Specific Learning Disorder or Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychiatry investigation, 15(12), 1144. ##Schachar, R. (2014). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Recent updates and future prospects. Current developmental disorders reports, 1(1), 41-49. ##Shahrivar, Z., Tehrani-Doost, M., Banaraki, A. K., & Mohammadzadeh, A. (2020).Normative Data and Reliability of the Moving Shapes Paradigm.Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(2), 143.##Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tomer, R., Berger, B. D., Goldsher, D., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). Impaired “affective theory of mind” is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18(1), 55-67. ##Shin, D.-W., Lee, S., Kim, B.-J., Park, Y., & Lim, S.-W. (2008). Visual attention deficits contribute to impaired facial emotion recognition in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropediatrics, 39(06), 323-327. ##Sodian, B., Hülsken, C., & Thoermer, C. (2003). The self and action in theory of mind research. Consciousness and Cognition, 12(4), 777-782.##Thapar, A., & Stergiakouli, E. (2008). An Overview on the Genetics of ADHD. Xin li xue bao. Acta psychologica Sinica, 40(10), 1088. ##Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(4), e994-e1001. ##Uekermann, J., Kraemer, M., Abdel-Hamid, M., Schimmelmann, B. G., Hebebrand, J., Daum, I., . . . Kis, B. (2010). Social cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(5), 734-743. ##van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Schweren, L. J., Twisk, J., Faraone, S., Heslenfeld, D., . . . Buitelaar, J. (2019). The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 47(3), 405-419. ##Warrier, V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Genetic contribution to ‘theory of mind’in adolescence. Scientific reports, 8(1), 3465. ##Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised: Psychological Corporation.##Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological psychiatry, 57(11), 1336-1346. ##Xia, H., Wu, N., & Su, Y. (2012). Investigating ##the genetic basis of theory of mind (ToM): ##the role of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphisms. PloS One, 7(11), e49768.## ##

Are Personality Type and Peer pressure Determinants of Drug Abuse among University Students? 2 2 Background: Recently, drug abuse among undergraduates appears to become a global problem despite the existences of various measures taken by governments and other agencies due to its negative impact on educational and future leadership innovations as well as human resources. This study investigated personality type and peer pressure as determinants of drug abuse among university students in South-Eastern Nigeria. Method: this cross-sectional study was conductedusing 212students selected through convenient sampling technique aged 15-30 years. Participants responded to the Type A and B personality scale (TABS), Index of peer relations scale (IPR), and drug abuse screening test (DAST). Collected data was analyzed using Chi square statistics. Results: The findings indicated personality type not being significantly associated with drug abuse[X2(1) =0.13, P>0.05]. The study also revealed that peer pressure determines undergraduates’ drug abuse[X2(1) =3.77, P<0.05]. Conclusion: Proper and effective education on dangers of substance or drug abuse should be taught in school and at home by teachers, parents, and guardians.   706 712 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/3 1400/3/13 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/21 1400/8/30 Chioma Ojiaku Chioma Ojiaku Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Nigeria chiomaojiaku.pg87846@unn.edu.ng Cynthia Oluchi Nwokoro Cynthia Oluchi Nwokoro Department of Psychology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Nigeria Oluchimary78@yahoo.com Personality Peer pressure Drug Abuse Adeoyea , O.E., Samuel S. Fasanmib, S.S., &Igoc, J. (2020).Self-Concept Clarity, Learned Helplessness and Fatigue Severity as Predictors of Psychoactive Drug Use and Abuse among Undergraduates. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 53 (2) :198-210.##Akpunne, B.C., Akinnawo, E.O., Bello, I.B. &, Olajire, O.O. (2020). Psychoactive substance use, sexual harassment, and self-esteem among female Nigerian undergraduates: prevalence, patterns, and association. Int J High Risk Behav Addict,9(2): e100111. https://doi.org/10.5812/ ijhrba.100111##Anumba, A.C. (1995). The influence of peer relation on self-esteem, assertiveness and ego strength of adolescence. Unpublished B.Sc project, Department of Psychology.##Anyasor, I. C. (2006). Influence of Personality type on Drug abuse among Nigerian arrested suspect. Unpublished B. Scthesis. Department of Psychology, Imo state university, Owerri.##Asika, O.C. (2011). Influence of personality and self-efficacy on teenage drug abuse among secondary school. Unpublished B.Scproject. Department of Psychology.##Azeez, R.O. &Olugbenga S. Ajayi, O. S. &Babalola, S.O. (2020).Parental involvement, peer influence and openness to experience and undergraduates’ substance abuse in Ogun East Senatorial District, Ogun State, Nigeria. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8,3, 140-148.##Bandura, A. (1977), Social Learning Theory. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.##Demenech, L.M. Dumith, S.C., Dytz, A.S., Fontes, F., & Neiva-Silva, L.(2020).Under pressure: non-medical use of prescription drugs among undergraduate students. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 69 (1), 23-30.##Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R.H. (1974). Type A Behaviour and Your Heart, NewYork.##Hudson, W.W.,Nurius, P.S., Daley, J.G., & Newsome, R.O.(1986). A short form scale to measure peer relations dysfunction, Chicago: The Dorsey Press. ##Iwuala, C.C. (2015). Peer influence and self-esteem as predictors of alcohl use among undergraduates in Imo state. Unpublished Bsc project. Imo state university,Owerri.##Jorge, K.O., Ferreira,R.C.,Ferreira, E.F.,Kawachi,I. ,Zarzar,P.M., & Pordeus,I.A. (2018). Peer group influence and illicit drug use among adolescent students in Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Cad.SaúdePública, 34(3).##Josiah, T.E., &Aina, J.O. (2020).Factors influencing engagement in substance abuse among undergraduate students in two universities in Port Harcourt State, Nigeria. International journal of Academic Research in Business, Arts and Science, 5(5), 131-141.##Kanmodi, K.K., Omoleke, S.A., Aliyu, C.U., Martins, J.J., Nwafor, N.J., Ogundipe, P.A., &Abdulsemeeh-Omoleke, I.M. (2020). Impact of Drug Abuse among Students: A Case Study of the School of Health Technology, Jega, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11 (3), 1583-1587.##McLeod, S. A. (2017). Type A personality. Simply Psychology.https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-a.html##Nwachukwu, A.O. (2011). Contributions of personality types and perceived academic stress to cigarette smoking. Unpublished B S c. Project, Department of Psychology, Imo state University, Owerri.##Oboh, O. S. & Oboh, J. O. (2020). Adolescent and Drug Abuse: In Road to Depression and Suicide Implication for Counselling Journal of Research & Method in Education, 10 (2) Ser. VI, 53-61. DOI: 10.9790/7388-1002065361 ##Ofuebe, J.I., Adama, G. N., Nwankwo, B. C., Isiaku, W.B., Omeje, G.N., Agu,F.U. & Nweke,P.O. (2020). Effect of Drug Abuse and Health Risks Among Undergraduates of Federal Universities in Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science; 12, (8).##Okafor, I.P. (2020). Causes and Consequences of Drug Abuse among Youth in Kwara State, Nigeria. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth,12(1).##Omoluabi, P.F. (1997). The development of TABS: A unified scale assessing Types Abehaviour pattern. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of ##Lagos.##Oparah, E.P. (2011). Personality profile of drug abusers. Unpublished BSc. Project, Department of Psychology, Imo state University, Owerri.##Owuor, H.A., &Karega, M. (2020). Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Risk for Problematic Drug Use Among Undergraduate Students In Selected Universities In Kenya. African Journal of Alcohol and Drug abuse,2: 20-30.##Sanni, K.T., & Aransi, W.O. (2020).Perceived Psychosocial Factors as Determinants of Drug Use and Abuse among Public Secondary School Youths in Osun State, Nigeria. American Journal of Education and Learning, 5(1), 13-23.##Sarkingobir, Y., & Dikko, M. (2020). Substance Abuse among In-School and Out-Of-School Youth in Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage, 24 (9) 1545-1550.##Skinner, H.A. (1982). The drug screening test. Addict Behav., 7 (4), 383-71. 10.1016/0306-4603(82)90005-3##Smith, T. W.&Gallo, L. C. (2001). Personality traits as risk factors for physical illness.In A. Baum, T. Revenson, & J. Singer (Eds.). Hand-book of Health Psychology: 139–172 – via Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.##United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2021).UNODC World Drug Report 2021. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/ world/unodc-world-drug-report-2021-enar(Accessed 24 Jun, 2021).##World Health Organization. (2016). Health topics: substance abuse. Available at: http://www.who. int/topics/substance_abuse/en (accessed on 12/Jul/2016).## ##

Awareness and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Adults in Lagos State, Nigeria 2 2 Background: COVID-19 has increased drastically all over the world and one of the major ways to reduce its prevalence is through COVID-19 vaccine. However, some individuals hesitate in accepting the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine which is a major cause of concern to the global health. Method: this cross-sectional study was conducted on450 respondents were selected through networking system in Lagos state. The COVID-19 Hesitancy Questionnaire with reliability value of 0.67 was used as instrument for data collection. Data gathering was online through Google docs which was circulated via e-mail and WhatsApp platform to the participants. Data Analyzing was done via SPSS 20 Results: The study revealed that 92% were aware of the accessibility of vaccine for COVID-19. Totally, 81.11% had not received the vaccine and the reasons given include misconceptions on the effects of the COVID-19. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccine uptake is generally poor among the uneducated than the educated. Therefore, there is need for massive education on the importance of COVID-19 among the populace especially among the less educated. 713 718 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/32021/09/17 1400/6/26 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/212021/11/7 1400/8/16 Fasoranti Afolabi Joseph Fasoranti Afolabi Joseph Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Nigeria afasoranti@unilag.edu.ng COVID-19 COVID-19 Vaccine Global Health Vaccine Hesitancy 1. Alquedeimat, Y., Alenezi, D., Alhajri, B., Alfouzan, H., Almokhaizeem, Z., Altamimi, S., Almansouri, W., Alzalzalah, S. &Ziyab, A.H. (2021). Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine and its related determinants among general adult population in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice, 30, (3), 262-271.##2. Brewer, N.T., Chapman, G.B., Rothman, A.J., Leask, J., &Kempe A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action. Psychology Science Public Interest. 2, 18, (3):149–207. ##3. Dodd, R, H., Cvejic, E., Bonner, C., Pickles, K., &Mccaffery K. J., Ayre.J.… & Nickel, B. (2021). Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(3), 318-319##4. Dubé, E., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P., Roy, R., &Bettinger, J. (2013). Vaccine hesitancy: An overview. Human Vaccines Immunology9 (8), 1763-1773.##5. Harapan, H., Wagner, A. L., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Sofyan, H., Mudatsir, M. (2020). Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine in Southeast Asia: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia, 8, 1–8. ##6. Howard, D. (2021). Acceptability and Uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. A critical analysis. Public Health Survey, 291-302##7. Lucia, V.C., Kelekar, A. &Afonso, N.M. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 445-449.##8. Malesza, M. (2020). Acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination during pandemic phase of coronavirus in Poland. Population based cross-sectional survey. 23-31.##9. Mohammed, V. & Hassan, O. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among Traders in Kano. Journal of Health and Research, 23, (2), 27-35##10. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (2021). An update of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria. www.ncdc.gov.ng/disease/sitreps. Retrieved on 20th August, 2021##11. Olaotan, T. (2021). COVID-19 conspiracies in developing nations: Needs for urgent action. Journal of Applied Medical Science, 2, ##25-32.##12. Tavolacci, M.P., Dechelotte, P. & Ladner, J. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy and resistancy among University Students in France. Vaccines, 9, 654-661##13. Tobin, E.A., Okonofua, M. &Azeke, A. (2021). Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria: A population-based cross-sectional study. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences ## ##Research,11(5), 1445-1452##14. World Health Organization (2021). Global Report of COVID-19. Retrieved from https:// covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/ng On 30th August, 2021## ##

The Lived Experiences of Mothers Having children with Cancer: A Qualitative Study 2 2 Background: There is the likelihood that cancer in children influences their growth and improvement. The mothers who have children with cancer and experience this hardness along with them play a highly significant role in this complexity. Researchers have considered these lived experiences in a limited way. Method: This qualitative study (phenomenology) was conducted in Mar 2019 among mothers who had children with cancer in Yazd. According to purposive non-random sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted on participants, and 13 subjects were then selected in order to achieve saturation. The data were analyzed using Dikelmann's 7-step method and MAXQDA 10 software in order to analyze data. Results: The concepts were first extracted and analyzed, 18 sub-categories were then obtained and eventually, 6 main categories including attitudes toward illness, desperation, psychical relief, multidimensional family problems, physician's attitudes, physical-psychological problems, were extracted. Conclusion: Mothers experience pain along with the complex stages of their child who is seriously sick. Additionally, cancer bears many physical, mental, and psychological consequences for their children. It is possible to apply the results of this study in order to develop support strategies and provide services for mothers who have children with cancer as well as their children. 719 728 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/32021/09/172021/08/4 1400/5/13 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/212021/11/72021/11/13 1400/8/22 Hasan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Hasan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران zareei-h@yahoo.com Zahra Delavari Zahra Delavari Department of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران delavari.zahra425@gmail.com Lived experience Mothers child cancer Phenomenology Afshari, A ., Homayounpour, M., Serajpour, N., & Taheri Kashani, Z. (2019). Exploring Lived Experience ofChildren with Cancer about the Disease and Its Consequences: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 13(1), 125-138.##Alavian, R. S., Tabibi, Z., Bani Hashem, A., &AbdeKhodaee, M. S. (2016). The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Play Therapy on Decreasing Depression Symptoms in Children with Cancer, Decreasing Perceived Stress on Their Mothers and Improving Parent-Child Relationship. Journal of Family Research, 12(3), 461-482.##Asghari-Nekah, S. M ., Jansouz, F., Kamali F.,&Taherinia S. (2015). The Resiliency Status and Emotional Distress in Mothers of Children with Cancer. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 15-26.##Benzein, E., Norberg, A., &Saveman, B. I. (2001). The meaning of the lived experience of hope in patients with cancer in palliative home care. Palliative medicine, 15(2), 117-126.##Borjalilu, S., Sharif, Z., SabbaghBani Azad, M., Afzali, M., &Koochakzadeh, L. (2020). The information needs of parents of children with cancer: A qualitative study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 6(3), 228-237.##Borjalilu, S., Shahidi, S., &Mazaheri, M.A. (2014). Spiritual crisis and the issue of children with cancer: The experience of parents.Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 8(3), 51-60.##Cracoviensia, F. M., Cepuch, G., Citko, J., &Wojtas, K. (2013). The level of perceived stress of parents of children with cancerous disease—mechanisms of dealing with stress and social support. Folia MedicaCracoviensia, 53(2), 87-97.##Diekelmann, N., Allen, D., & Tanner, C. A. (1989). The NLN criteria for appraisal of baccalaureate programs: A critical hermeneutic analysis. Washington, DC: National League for Nursing, 11-34.##Ebrahimi, A., Refahi, J., Ghasemi, N.,&Zareei, H (2016). Effectiveness of cognitive group therapy on quality of life and happiness among mothers of autistic children. Tolooebehdasht, 15(1), 176-186.##Farnia, F., Baghshahi, N., & Zareei Mahmoodabadi, H. (2016). Effectiveness of hope-based group therapy on general health and happiness of hemodialysis patients. J Appl Environ BiolSci, 6(9), 46-51.##Hechler, T., Blankenburg, M., Friedrichsdorf, S. J., Garske, D., Hübner, B., Menke, A., &Zernikow, B. (2008). Parents' perspective on symptoms, quality of life, characteristics of death and end-of-life decisions for children dying from cancer. KlinischePädiatrie, 220(03), 166-174.##Hariri, N. (2018). Principles and methods of qualitative research. Tehran: Islamic Azad university, 122-123.##Haghshenas, L. (2017). The mediating role of social support in predicting general health based on emotional control in mothers of children with cancer. Contemporary Psychology, 12(1), 85-98.##Hekmatpou, D., Eghbali, A., &Memari, F. (2013). The experiences of parents of children with leukemia: A qualitative research. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, 15(9), 28-40.##Khodadadi Sangdeh, J., &Gomi, M. (2018). The Effectiveness of Existential Group Psychology on Increasing Psychological Well-Being Mothers of Children with cancer. Psychological Studies, 13(4), 125-140.##Khalili, R., &Rahimi, A. (2020). The Concept of Stress Adjustment in Caregivers of Children with Cancer: A Hybrid Concept Analysis. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 3(2), 190-201.##Ma'arefvand, M., &Khatamsaz, Z. (2014). Coping strategies of the parents of the children with cancer. Quarterly journal of social work, 3(3), 3-9.##Masa'Deh, R. (2015). Perceived stress in parents of children with chronic disease: A comparative study. European Scientific Journal, 11(11),1-18.##Mozaffari, N., AsghanejadFarid, A. A., Dejman, M., FathaliLavasani, F., &Faranoush, M. (2016). The God and the Meaning of Life, the Lived Experience of Children with Cancer: A Qualitative Study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 22(2), 93-102.##Norberg, A. L., Lindblad, F., &Boman, K. K. (2005). Parental traumatic stress during and after paediatric cancer treatment. ActaOncologica, 44(4), 382-388.##Prchal, A., &Landolt, M. A. (2012). How siblings of pediatric cancer patients experience the first time after diagnosis: a qualitative study. Cancer nursing, 35(2), 133-140.##Patterson, J. M., Holm, K. E., & Gurney, J. G. (2004). The impact of childhood cancer on the family: A qualitative analysis of strains, resources, and coping behaviors. Psycho‐ Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 13(6), 390-407.##Rahimi, S., FadakarSoghe, R., Tabri, R., &KazemnezhadLeili, E. (2014). Related factors with Quality of Life among preschool children with cancer. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery, 24(71),30-39.##Rodriguez, E. M., Dunn, M. J., Zuckerman, T., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C. A., &Compas, B. E. (2012). Cancer-related sources of stress for children with cancer and their parents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(2), 185-197.##Rezaei, Z., Sharifian Sani, M., Ostadhashemi, L., &GhaedaminiHarouni, G. (2018). Quality of life of mother of children with cancer in Iran. Koomesh. 20(3): 425-431.##Syse, A., Larsen, I. K., &Tretli, S.(2011). Does cancer in a child affect parents’ employment and earnings? A population-based study. Cancer epidemiology, 35(3), 298-305.##Shields, L., Kristensson‐Hallström, I., & O'Callaghan, M. (2003). An examination of the needs of parents of hospitalized children: comparing parents’ and staff's perceptions. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 17(2), 176-184.##Van Schoors, M., Caes, L., Verhofstadt, L. L., Goubert, L., &Alderfer, M. A. (2015). Systematic review: Family resilience after pediatric cancer diagnosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(9), 856-868.##Wong, M. Y. F., & Chan, S. W. C. (2006). The qualitative experience of Chinese parents with children diagnosed of cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15(6), 710-717.##Wu, M., Hsu, L., Zhang, B., Shen, N., Lu, H., & Li S. (2010). The experiences of cancer-related fatigue among Chinese children with leukaemia: a phenomenological study. International journal of nursing studies, 47(1), 49-59. ##Afshari, A ., Homayounpour, M., Serajpour, N., & Taheri Kashani, Z. (2019). Exploring Lived Experience ofChildren with Cancer about the Disease and Its Consequences: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 13(1), 125-138.##Alavian, R. S., Tabibi, Z., Bani Hashem, A., &AbdeKhodaee, M. S. (2016). The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Play Therapy on Decreasing Depression Symptoms in Children with Cancer, Decreasing Perceived Stress on Their Mothers and Improving Parent-Child Relationship. Journal of Family Research, 12(3), 461-482.##Asghari-Nekah, S. M ., Jansouz, F., Kamali F.,&Taherinia S. (2015). The Resiliency Status and Emotional Distress in Mothers of Children with Cancer. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 15-26.##Benzein, E., Norberg, A., &Saveman, B. I. (2001). The meaning of the lived experience of hope in patients with cancer in palliative home care. Palliative medicine, 15(2), 117-126.##Borjalilu, S., Sharif, Z., SabbaghBani Azad, M., Afzali, M., &Koochakzadeh, L. (2020). The information needs of parents of children with cancer: A qualitative study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 6(3), 228-237.##Borjalilu, S., Shahidi, S., &Mazaheri, M.A. (2014). Spiritual crisis and the issue of children with cancer: The experience of parents.Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 8(3), 51-60.##Cracoviensia, F. M., Cepuch, G., Citko, J., &Wojtas, K. (2013). The level of perceived stress of parents of children with cancerous disease—mechanisms of dealing with stress and social support. Folia MedicaCracoviensia, 53(2), 87-97.##Diekelmann, N., Allen, D., & Tanner, C. A. (1989). The NLN criteria for appraisal of baccalaureate programs: A critical hermeneutic analysis. Washington, DC: National League for Nursing, 11-34.##Ebrahimi, A., Refahi, J., Ghasemi, N.,&Zareei, H (2016). Effectiveness of cognitive group therapy on quality of life and happiness among mothers of autistic children. Tolooebehdasht, 15(1), 176-186.##Farnia, F., Baghshahi, N., & Zareei Mahmoodabadi, H. (2016). Effectiveness of hope-based group therapy on general health and happiness of hemodialysis patients. J Appl Environ BiolSci, 6(9), 46-51.##Hechler, T., Blankenburg, M., Friedrichsdorf, S. J., Garske, D., Hübner, B., Menke, A., &Zernikow, B. (2008). Parents' perspective on symptoms, quality of life, characteristics of death and end-of-life decisions for children dying from cancer. KlinischePädiatrie, 220(03), 166-174.##Hariri, N. (2018). Principles and methods of qualitative research. Tehran: Islamic Azad university, 122-123.##Haghshenas, L. (2017). The mediating role of social support in predicting general health based on emotional control in mothers of children with cancer. Contemporary Psychology, 12(1), 85-98.##Hekmatpou, D., Eghbali, A., &Memari, F. (2013). The experiences of parents of children with leukemia: A qualitative research. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, 15(9), 28-40.##Khodadadi Sangdeh, J., &Gomi, M. (2018). The Effectiveness of Existential Group Psychology on Increasing Psychological Well-Being Mothers of Children with cancer. Psychological Studies, 13(4), 125-140.##Khalili, R., &Rahimi, A. (2020). The Concept of Stress Adjustment in Caregivers of Children with Cancer: A Hybrid Concept Analysis. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 3(2), 190-201.##Ma'arefvand, M., &Khatamsaz, Z. (2014). Coping strategies of the parents of the children with cancer. Quarterly journal of social work, 3(3), 3-9.##Masa'Deh, R. (2015). Perceived stress in parents of children with chronic disease: A comparative study. European Scientific Journal, 11(11),1-18.##Mozaffari, N., AsghanejadFarid, A. A., Dejman, M., FathaliLavasani, F., &Faranoush, M. (2016). The God and the Meaning of Life, the Lived Experience of Children with Cancer: A Qualitative Study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 22(2), 93-102.##Norberg, A. L., Lindblad, F., &Boman, K. K. (2005). Parental traumatic stress during and after paediatric cancer treatment. ActaOncologica, 44(4), 382-388.##Prchal, A., &Landolt, M. A. (2012). How siblings of pediatric cancer patients experience the first time after diagnosis: a qualitative study. Cancer nursing, 35(2), 133-140.##Patterson, J. M., Holm, K. E., & Gurney, J. G. (2004). The impact of childhood cancer on the family: A qualitative analysis of strains, resources, and coping behaviors. Psycho‐ Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 13(6), 390-407.##Rahimi, S., FadakarSoghe, R., Tabri, R., &KazemnezhadLeili, E. (2014). Related factors with Quality of Life among preschool children with cancer. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery, 24(71),30-39.##Rodriguez, E. M., Dunn, M. J., Zuckerman, T., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C. A., &Compas, B. E. (2012). Cancer-related sources of stress for children with cancer and their parents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(2), 185-197.##Rezaei, Z., Sharifian Sani, M., Ostadhashemi, L., &GhaedaminiHarouni, G. (2018). Quality of life of mother of children with cancer in Iran. Koomesh. 20(3): 425-431.##Syse, A., Larsen, I. K., &Tretli, S.(2011). Does cancer in a child affect parents’ employment and earnings? A population-based study. Cancer epidemiology, 35(3), 298-305.##Shields, L., Kristensson‐Hallström, I., & O'Callaghan, M. (2003). An examination of the needs of parents of hospitalized children: comparing parents’ and staff's perceptions. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 17(2), 176-184.##Van Schoors, M., Caes, L., Verhofstadt, L. L., Goubert, L., &Alderfer, M. A. (2015). Systematic review: Family resilience after pediatric cancer diagnosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(9), 856-868.##Wong, M. Y. F., & Chan, S. W. C. (2006). The qualitative experience of Chinese parents with children diagnosed of cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15(6), 710-717.##Wu, M., Hsu, L., Zhang, B., Shen, N., Lu, H., & Li S. (2010). The experiences of cancer-related fatigue among Chinese children with leukaemia: a phenomenological study. International journal of nursing studies, 47(1), 49-59.## ##

Investigation the Relationship between Anxiety Attachment Style, Anger Rumination, Spouse Forgiveness, and Marital Quality 2 2 Background: The quality of the marital relationship has received more attention from family researchers in recent years; as many factors can affect and be affected by it. Therefore, this study made an attempt to investigate the structural relationships between anxiety attachment style, anger rumination, spouse forgiveness and the quality of marital relationship in married people. Methods: The study population consisted of all married people in Shiraz. Among them, 204 married people (168 females and 36 males) were selected using the convenience sampling method and filling out Revised Adult Attachment Scale; Collins and Reid, Anger rumination scale; Sukhodolsky, Golub, Cromwell, Family Forgiveness Scale; Pollard, Anderson, Anderson, and Jennings, and Revision of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale Busby, Christensen, Crane, Larson. The method of research was correlation using path analysis. Then AMOS24 and SPSS24 were used for analyzing the data. Results: Data analysis indicated that the path between anxiety attachment style to anger rumination, (p<0.000, β=0.56), spouse forgiveness, (p<0.009, β=-0.19), anger rumination to spouse forgiveness, (p<0.002, β=-0.36) marital quality (p<0.001, β=-0.16), spouse forgiveness to marital quality, (p<0.000, β=-0.68) were significant. All the coefficients were significant in 0.01 level. Also fit model indicators were: GFI=0.99, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.98, RFI=0.97 and χ2/df= 1.57. The structural relationships of the anxiety attachment style, anger rumination, spouse forgiveness and the marital quality as proposed in the conceptual model were significant. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that that married people with anxious attachment style regarding the challenges of marital life, ruminate more anger in relation to their spouse, which can reduce the amount of forgiveness and, ultimately marital quality 729 738 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/32021/09/172021/08/42021/09/3 1400/6/12 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/212021/11/72021/11/132021/11/23 1400/9/2 Zahra Naderi Nobandegani Zahra Naderi Nobandegani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education,Yazd University, Yazd, Iran ایران zahra.naderi@yazd.ac.ir Khadijeh Shiralinia Khadijeh Shiralinia Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. ایران k.shiralinia@scu.ac.ir Parisa Yasaminejad Parisa Yasaminejad Department of Psychology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. ایران Pyasemi@gmail.com Marriage Family Conflict Forgiveness Marital Quality Anger Rumination Ainsworth, M. D. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American psychologist,34(10), 932-937.##Barber, L., Maltby, J., &Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 253-262.##Beames, J. R., O’Dean, S. M., Grisham, J. R., Moulds, M. L., & Denson, T. F. (2019). Anger regulation in interpersonal contexts: Anger experience, aggressive behavior, and cardiovascular reactivity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(5), 1441-1458.##Bell, C. A., Kamble, S. V., &Fincham, F. D. (2018).Forgiveness, attributions, and marital quality in US and Indian marriages. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 17(4), 276-293.##Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Parrott, L., O’Connore, L. E., &Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: Developmentand construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness(TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277-1290.##Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., &Fincham, F. D. (2011). Forgiveness and relationship satisfaction: Mediating mechanisms. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 551–559.##Brown, R. P., & Phillips, A. (2005). Letting bygones be bygones: Further evidence for the validity of the Tendency to forgive scale. Personality and individual differences, 38(3), 627-638.##Burnette, J. L., Taylor, K. W., Worthington, E. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Personality and individual differences, 42(8), 1585-1596.##Busby, D. M., Christensen, C., Crane, D. R., & Larson, J. H. (1995). A revision of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale for use with distressed and non-distressed couples: Construct hierarchy and multidimensional scales. Journal of Marital and family Therapy, 21(3), 289-308.##Camacho, A., Ortega‐Ruiz, R., &Romera, E. M. (2021).Longitudinal associations between cyber victimization, anger rumination, and cyber aggression. Aggressive behavior, 47(3), 332-342.##Chung, M. S. (2014). Pathways between attachment and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 246-251.##Collins, N. L. (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(4), 810.##Contreras, I. M., Kosiak, K., Hardin, K. M., &Novaco, R. W. (2021).Anger rumination in the context of high anger and forgiveness. Personality and individual differences, 171, 110531.##Daman Keshan, A., &Shaykh al-Islami R. (2019). Regulation of emotion and marital satisfaction: The mediating role of anger rumination. Journal of Women and Society, 10, 2, 20-1.##de la Fuente-Anuncibay, R., González-Barbadillo, Á., Ortega-Sánchez, D., Ordóñez-Camblor, N., & Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P. (2021). Anger Rumination and Mindfulness: Mediating Effects on Forgiveness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5).##De Lorenzo, J. (2017). AttachmentStyle, Rumination, and Romantic Relationship Conflict (Doctoral dissertation, Pace University).##Delatorre, M. Z., & Wagner, A. (2020). Marital quality assessment: Reviewing the concept, instruments, and methods. Marriage & Family Review, 56(3), 193-216.##Denson, T., Pedersen, W. C., Friese, M., Hahm, A., & Roberts, L. (2011).Understanding impulsive aggression. Angry rumination and reduced self-control capacity are mechanisms underlying the provocation-aggression relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37,850–862.##Farrell, J. (2010). Forgiveness, mood, and attachment style (Doctoral dissertation, University of Dayton).##Fincham, F. D., Paleari, G.,& Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27–37.##Fincham, F.D&Beach, S.R.H, (2007). Forgiveness and marital quality: Precursor or consequence in well established relationship? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 92, 260-268.##Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Baek, J. M., & Chun, D. S. (2008). Genetic correlates of adult attachment style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1396-1405.##Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987) Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.##Hollist, C. S., & Miller, R. B. (2005).Perceptions of attachment style and marital quality in midlife marriage. Family Relations, 54(1), 46-57.##Kong, F., Zhang, H., Xia, H., Huang, B., Qin, J., Zhang, Y., ...& Zhou, Z. (2020). Why do people with self-control forgive others easily? The role of rumination and anger. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 129.##Lanciano, T., Curci, A., Kafetsios, K., Elia, L., &Zammuner, V. L. (2012). Attachment and dysfunctional rumination: The mediating role of Emotional Intelligence abilities. Personality and individual differences, 53(6), 753-758.##Loehlin, J. C., (2004), Latent Variable Models, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.##Mahmoudi, T., Basaknejad, So., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (1399).The role of anger rumination and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting sleep quality in female students.Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 21, 1, 7-1.##Mansoori, M, Serajkhorrami, naser&heydari Hassan (2013). Investigating the relationship between intimacy, forgiveness and self-disclosure with marital satisfaction Among married teachers. Journal of Family and Research. 20, 95-117.##McCullough, M. E., Worthington Jr., E. L., &Rachal, K. (1997).Interpersonal forgiveness in close relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73,321-336.##McCullough, M. E., Bono, G., & Root, L. M. (2007). Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: Three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 490–505.##McCullough,M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J.,Worthington, E. L., Jr., Brown, S.W., &Hight, T.L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603.##Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2015).The psychological effects of the contextual activation of security‐enhancing mental representations inadulthood. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 18–21.##Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Adult attachment and affect regulation. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 503–531). New York, NY: Guilford Press.##Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Slav, K. (2006).Attachment, mental representations of others, and gratitude and forgiveness in romantic relationships. Dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caregiving, and sex, 190-215.##Miller, T. Q., Jenkins, C. D, Kaplan, G. A., &Salonen, J. T. (1995). Are all hostility scales alike? Factor structure and covariation among measures of hostility.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(13), 1142-1168.##Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., &Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 368-378.##Pollard, M. W., Anderson, R. A., Anderson, W. T., & Jennings, G. (1998).The development of a family forgiveness scale. Journal of Family Therapy, 20(1), 95-109.##Rahaju, S., Hartini, N., &Hendriani, W. (2018). Marital Quality: An Empirical Comparison of Two Unidimensional Measures.3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings:Improving Mental Health and Harmony in Global Community.180-186.##Reynolds, S., Searight, H. R., &Ratwik, S. (2014). Adult attachment styles and rumination in the context of intimate relationships. North American Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 495-506.##Robles, T. F. (2014). Marital quality and health: Implications for marriage in the 21st century. Current directions in psychological science, 23(6), 427-432.##Sandilya, G., &Shahnawaz, G. (2014). Willingness to forgive the spouse: A qualitative study. ## ##Psychological Studies, 59(4), 413-418.##Scheeren, P., Vieira, R. V. D. A., Goulart, V. R., & Wagner, A. (2014). Marital quality and attachment: The mediator role of conflict resolution styles. Paidéia (RibeirãoPreto), 24, 177-186.##Seif, S., &Bahari, F. (2003). The relationship between forgiveness, the introduction of a treatment model in family and marriage counseling,Counseling Research and Development, Volume II, 7 and 8, 109.##Stafford, L., David, P., & McPherson, S. (2014). Sanctity of marriage and marital quality.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(1), 54–70.##Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., & Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development andvalidation of the anger ruminationscale. Personality and Individual Differences,31(5), 689-700.##Taylor, N. C. (2014). The relationship between attachment, couple conflict, and recovery from conflict.Utah State University.##Tsang, J. A., McCullough, M. E., &Fincham, F. D. (2006).The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 448-472.##Yip, J., Ehrhardt, K., Black, H., & Walker, D. O. (2018). Attachment theory at work: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 185-198.##Yousefi, N. (2011). Evaluation of Psychometric Indicators of Marital Quality Scale (Revised Form).Research in Clinical Psychology and## ##

Gender Differences in Knowledge and Risk Perception towards HIV/AIDS among Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh 2 2  Background: Rohingyas living in refugee camps of Bangladesh have been identified as a high-risk group for HIV transmission. This study aimed to assess gender differences in risk perception towards HIV/AIDS among Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar. Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted to assess the level of risk perception towards HIV/AIDS. This analysis utilizes data from a survey of 130 Rohingya people through face-to-face interviews utilizing a 28-item HIV-Knowledge Questionnaire. A systematic sampling technique was used to accomplish data collection survey. Analyzing was done by SPSS 25. Results: Only 41.8% of males and 58.2% of females had a good knowledge score (8 out of 11 items) regarding the transmission of HIV. Knowledge is significantly associated with female gender (χ2 = 8.927, p < 0.005). Gender differences were also significantly associated with the perceived risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in the future (p < 0.001). When rank averages were investigated, perceived risk of contracting HIV/AIDS score of the female participants (mean rank = 76.71) appeared to be higher compared to the score of male participants (mean rank = 54.29). Conclusion: Female Rohingyas perceive a higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than male Rohingyas. Programs should address harmful gender norms, HIV testing and education emphasizing the risks involved in transactional sex within the camps. 739 749 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/32021/09/172021/08/42021/09/32021/09/11 1400/6/20 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/212021/11/72021/11/132021/11/232021/11/23 1400/9/2 Shihabul Islam Shihabul Islam Department of Sociology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Bangladesh shihabshaun10@gmail.com Shah Ehsan Habib Shah Ehsan Habib Department of Sociology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Bangladesh se_habib@hotmail.com HIV/AIDS Gender Knowledge Risk Perception Rohingya Ainul, S., Ehsan, I., Haque, E., Amin, S., Rob, U., Melnikas, A., & Falcone, J. (2018). Marriage and sexual and reproductive health of Rohingya adolescents and youth in Bangladesh: A qualitative study. Dhaka: Population Council of Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.31899/pgy7.1022##Akhter, S., & Kusakabe, K. (2014).Gender-based Violence among Documented Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender ##Studies, 21(2), 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0971521514525088##Carey, M. P., Morrison-Beedy, D., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The HIV-Knowledge Questionnaire: Development and evaluation of a reliable, valid, and practical self- administered questionnaire. AIDS and Behavior, 1, 61-74.##Chowdhury, O. H. (2019). 319 Rohingyas affected by AIDS. Ukhiya News, March 30. Available at http://en.ukhiyanews.com/by-aids/##Dussich, J. P. J. (2018). The Ongoing Genocidal Crisis of the Rohingya Minority in Myanmar. Journal of Victimology and Victim ##Justice, 1(1), 4–24. https:// doi.org/10.1177/ 2516606918764998##Farzana, K. F. (2017). Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees: Contested Identity and Belonging. New York: Springer.##Feresu, S., & Smith, L. (2013).Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about HIV/AIDS of Sudanese and Bantu Somali immigrant women living in Omaha, Nebraska.Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 03(01), 84–98. https://doi. org/10.4236/ojpm.2013.31011##Glinski, S. (2017).Clandestine Sex Industry Booms in Rohingya Refugee Camps. London: Thompson Reuters Foundation.https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/sex-industry-in-rohingya-refugee-camps/?template=next##Haque, E. (2018). Socio-Political Impacts of Rohingya Refugees on Bangladesh. Ankara: Migration Policy Center, MPC Report Series.##Haque, M. A., Hossain, M. S. N., Chowdhury, M. A. B., &Uddin, M. J. (2018). Factors associated with knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among married women in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationally representative survey. SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 15(1), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2018. 1523022##Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., Mazumder, H., & Munzur-E-Murshid. (2018). Sexually transmitted infections among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The Lancet HIV, 5(7), e342. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30140-1##Hsan, K., Griffiths, M. D., Gozal, D., &Rahman, M. A. (2019).HIV infection in Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The Lancet HIV, 6(7), e419. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30156-0##Hutchinson, S. (2018). Gendered insecurity in the Rohingya crisis. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 72(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10357718.2017.1402291##Islam, M. M., &Nuzhath, T. (2018). Health risks of Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh: a call for global attention. Journal of Global Health, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.08.020309##Khan, M. N., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. M., & Islam, M. M. (2021). HIV transmission knowledge among Rohingya refugee women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ ##Open, 11(10), e047516. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-047516##Lammers, J., van Wijnbergen, S., & Willebrands, D. (2011).Gender Differences, HIV Risk Perception and Condom Use.Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, No. 11-051/2, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam and Rotterdam.##Mahmood, S. S., Wroe, E., Fuller, A., & Leaning, J. (2017). The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity. The Lancet, 389(10081), 1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0140-6736(16)00646-2##Masud, A. A., Ahmed, M. S., Sultana, M. R., Alam, S. I., Kabir, R., Arafat, S. Y., & Papadopoulos, K. (2017). Health Problems and Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Rohingya Refugees. Journal of Medical Research and Innovation, 1(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.15419/jmri.27##Rafe, R. (2019). HIV, sexual infections rising among Rohingya in Bangladesh. Deutsche Welle, December 25. https://www.dw.com/en/hiv-sexual-infections-rising-among-rohingya-in-bangladesh/ a-51793736##Ripoll, S. (2017).Social and Cultural Factors Shaping Health and Nutrition, Wellbeing and Protection of the Rohingya within a Humanitarian Context.Institute of Development Studies/ UNICEF.https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/13328##Singh, G., Sewak, A., Reddy, K., & Ram, S. (2019). Gender Differences in HIV Risk Perception and Sexual Behaviour of Young Adults in Metropolitan Areas of Fiji.The Journal of Pacific Studies, 39(1). 102-127 https://doi.org/10. 33318/ jpacs.2019.39(1)-05##Siziya, S., Muula, A. S., &Rudatsikira, E. (2008).HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among women in Iraq.BMC Research Notes, 1(1), 1-6https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-1-123##Spiegel P. B, Bennedson, A.R, Claass, J., et al., (2007) Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict-affected and displaced populations in seven sub-Saharan African Countries – a systematic review. Lancet ,369(9580), 2187-2195##Toma, I., Chowdhury, M., Laiju, M., Gora, N., &Padamada, N. (2018). Rohingya refugee response gender analysis: recognizing and responding to gender inequalities. OXFAM, Joint Agency Research Report.##Truelove, S., Abrahim, O., Altare, C., Lauer, S. A., Grantz, K. H., Azman, A. S., & Spiegel, P. (2020). The potential impact of COVID-19 in refugee camps in Bangladesh and beyond: A modeling study. PLOS Medicine, 17(6), e1003144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed. 1003144##UNFPA. (2018). Meeting the critical unique needs of women and girls amid the Rohingya Crisis. RohingyaHumanitarian Response Monthly Situation Report. UNFPA Bangladesh.http:// bangladesh.unfpa.org##UNHCR.(2017). UNHCR Bangladesh Operational Update, 10 November 2017.ReliefWeb. https:// reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/unhcr-bangladesh-operational-update-10-november-2017##UNHCR/UNAIDS (2007). HIV-related Needs in Internally Displaced Persons and Other Conflict-affected Populations: A Rapid Situation Assessment Tool. Geneva: UNHCR/UNAIDS.##Yaya, S., Bishwajit, G., Danhoundo, G., Shah, V., &Ekholuenetale, M. (2016).Trends and determinants of HIV/AIDS knowledge among women in Bangladesh.BMC Public Health, 16(1),1-9.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889- 016-3512-0##Yousuf, R., Salam, M. M., Akter, S., & Salam, A. (2020). Safety and Security of Sexual-reproductive Health and Gender-based Violence among Rohingya Refugee Women in Bangladesh. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS), 5(2), 163. https://doi.org/ 10.31344/ijhhs.v5i2.254.## ##

A Study of the Social Factors Related to Divorce among Divorce Applicants in Yazd 2 2 Introduction: As a social phenomenon of the present age, Divorce as one of the social phenomena of the present age has many obvious and hidden factors practical and fundamental solutions have been proposed to reduce and deal with this issue by examining and recognizing these factors in each society. This study was carried out to identify the social factors related to the demand for divorce in Yazd. Methods: The present study was conducted by survey technique. The statistical population included the couples seeking divorce referred to the judiciary of Yazd in the period of 2011-2017, the sample size of 110 people was selected by random sampling method based on Cochran's formula, a researcher-made questionnaire was used as the measurement tool whose validity was measured by Formal validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. Results: According to the findings, the respondents believed that the three variables of domestic violence, interference of others and the level of spouses' participation in household work had great roles in the demand for divorce. There is also a significant relationship between age and gender, and variables of domestic violence, spouse's family interference and spouse's participation in household. 18.9% of the variance of the dependent variable (Divorce) is explained by the variables of gender, education, family past. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide life skills training and free counseling to couples and families in this regard in order to prevent failed marriages and marital problems and develop strong relationships. Besides, it is necessary for the mass media to raise awareness, give information to people, and promote rational, spiritual and easy marriages. 750 759 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/32021/09/172021/08/42021/09/32021/09/112021/01/10 1399/10/21 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/212021/11/72021/11/132021/11/232021/11/232021/11/23 1400/9/2 Akbar Zareshahabadi Akbar Zareshahabadi Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران a_zare@yazd.ac.ir Fatemeh Timouri Fatemeh Timouri Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. ایران f.teymuori@yahoo.com Domestic Violence Family Involvement Divorce Spouse Participation in the Household Work Aghajani,M.H. (2002). Factors Affecting Divorce by Social Case in Tehran, Journal of Sociological Quarterly, 1(2): 31-64.##Fatehizadeh, M.Behjati Ardakani, F. Nasrasfahani, A.(2003). The effect of family factors on the low divorce rate in Yazd, Meybod and Ardakan, Journal of Educational and psychological studies. Mashhad; 6(1):117-136.##Good, W J.(1973). Family and Society, translated by Vida Nasehi, Book Translation and Publishing Company, Tehran: 248.##Haji Hosseini Shahroudi, H. (2001). Sociological study of the phenomenon of "divorce", Marifat Journal, (45): 85-94.##Kafi, H. (2007). The facts of divorce; Our Responsibilities, Hora Magazine; Internal Journal of Women's Scientific, Cultural and Social Studies, December, (26):1.##Kameli, M.J.(2008). A descriptive study of the causes and factors affecting the incidence of social harm of divorce in Iranian society, Research Journal of Danesh-e-Entezami, 9(35): 180-198.##Keldi, A, ShabaniA. (2004). A Study of Some Factors Affecting Divorce Demand among Divorced Application Couples in Tabriz, Population Quarterly, (47-48): 119-138.##Khaki, Gh.(2003). Research Method in Management, Scientific Publishing Center of Islamic Azad University, Tehran: 155.##Multafet, H. (2002). A Study of Factors Affecting the Tendency of Divorced Couples in Darab, M.Sc. Thesis, Shiraz University: 33-34.##Piran, P. (1990). Following the Sociological Explanation of Divorce, Ronagh Magazine, 1(2): 34-41.##Rahimi, H. (2000). A Study of Divorce Factors in Khorasan Province, Population Magazine, 8(33-34): 100-112.##Reyhani, T. Ajam M. (2002). A Study of Divorce in Gonabad, Ofoghedanesh Publisher, 8(2): 96-114.##Sarukhani, B. (1993). Sociology of Communication, Information Publications (3th ed.), Tehran: 67.##Sarukhani, B. (1996). Introduction to Family Sociology, Soroush Publications (2th ed.), Tehran: 40-66.##Saulter,A.F,Lugaila,T.A.(1998). Marital status and living arrangement, Bureau of the Census,United States. (468): 20-96.##Segalan, M. (1991). Historical Sociology of the Family, (1th ed.), translated by Hamid Elyasi, Nashremarkaz Publishing, Tehran: 254-255.## ##

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 in Trinidad and Tobago 2 2 Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has affected over 250 million people globally and resulted in over 5 million deaths since it was first reported in November 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted online from July to September 2020 among nationals and permanent residents of Trinidad and Tobago (N = 812). The related questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, 11 items on knowledge, 11 items on attitude and 7 items on practice and experience. Domain scores were derived for each component (K, A and P) and independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare differences in scores within demographic categories. Results: The population possessed a high level of knowledge about COVID-19(0.85 ± 0.09). Attitude scores (0.54 ± 0.07) were influenced by factors such as sex, age, occupation, level of education and area of residence. Significant relationships (P<0.05) were found between demographic categories of sex, age, profession, education, geographical region and the mean domain scores. Conclusion: There was overall high level of knowledge and good practices in response to COVID-19 which suggests that the government's management approach was effective in providing information about COVID-19 and the safe practice needed to reduce spread of the virus.   760 772 2021/02/72021/04/22021/07/102021/01/102021/08/42021/09/72021/06/32021/09/172021/08/42021/09/32021/09/112021/01/102021/03/17 1399/12/27 2021/11/72021/11/132021/11/92021/11/152021/11/132021/11/222021/11/212021/11/72021/11/132021/11/232021/11/232021/11/232021/11/14 1400/8/23 Azad Mohammed Azad Mohammed Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago azad.mohammed@sta.uwi.edu Vrijesh Tripathi Vrijesh Tripathi Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago vrijesh.tripathi@sta.uwi.edu Delezia Singh Delezia Singh Department of Mathematics, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. Tobago delezia_singh@yahoo.com Lauren Ali Lauren Ali Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago lauren.cv.ali@gmail.com Ruth Mohan Ruth Mohan Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago ruthmohan@hotmail.com Sedique Graham Sedique Graham Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago sedique.graham195@gmail.com Saraswatie Sankar Saraswatie Sankar Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago saraswatie.sankar@sta.uwi.edu Naresh Nandram Naresh Nandram Ministry of Health, Trinidad and Tobago. Tobago naresh.nandram@gmail.com COVID-19 KAP survey Trinidad and Tobago Knowledge Attitudes Practices Ajilore, K., Atakiti, I., Onyenankeya, K. (2017). College students’ knowledge, attitudes and adherence to public service announcements on Ebola in Nigeria: Suggestions for improving future Ebola prevention education programmes. Health Education Journal, 76,648–660.https:// doi.org/10.1177/0017896917710969##Al-Hanawi, MK., Angawi, K., Alshareef, N., Qattan, A.M.N., Helmy, H.Z., Abudawood, Y., Alqurashi, M., Kattan, W.M., Kadasah, N.A., Chirwa, G.C., Alsharqi, O. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8,1−10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217##Ali, M., Uddin, Z., Banik, P.C., Hegazy, F.A., Zaman, S., Ambia, A.S.M., Siddique, M.K.B., Islam, R., Khanam, F., Bahalul, S.M., Sharkar, M.A. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, practice and fear of COVID-19: A cross-cultural study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05. 26.20113233 ##Azlan, A.A., Hamzah, M.R., Sern, T.J., Ayub, S.H., Mohamad, E. (2020). Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 15, 1−15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233668##Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020). Stress and Coping. https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/stress-coping/index.html. Accessed 12 September 2020##Central Statistical Office (CSO) (2020).Core Statistics – Mid Year Population. Ministry of Planning and the Economy of Trinidad and Tobago. https://cso.gov.tt/. Accessed 30 December 2020##Corrin, T., Waddell, L., Greig, J., Young, I., Hierlihy, C., Mascarenhas, M. (2017). Risk perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of chikungunya among the public and health professionals: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine Health, 45, 21. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s41182-017-0061-x PMID: 28878549##Ferdous, M.Z., Islam, M.S., Sikder, M.T., Mosaddek, A.S.M., Zegarra-Valdivia, J.A., Gozal, D. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: An online-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 15,1−17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239254##Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., Foucault, M. (2020). Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 27285−27291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012520117 ##Henry, N. (2020). Covid-19 beats out crime. Trinidad Express Newspapers. https:// trinidadexpress.com/elections/2020/politics/covid-19-beats-out-crime-pt-2/article_b4066744-d5be-11ea-a079-931ebda1489b.html. Accessed 20 December 2020##Hunte, M. (2020).Assessment of Social Impact of COVID-19 in Trinidad and Tobago - Utilising Social Media 27 April 2020.##https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343381084_Assessment_of_Social_Impact_of_COVID-19_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Utilising_Social_Media_27April_2020. Accessed 20 December 2020##Janjua, N.Z., Razaq, M., Chandir, S., Rozi, S., Mahmood, B. (2007). Poor knowledge—predictor of nonadherence to universal precautions for blood borne pathogens at first level care facilities in Pakistan. BMC Infectious Diseases, 7, 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-81 PMID: 17650331##Johnson, E.J., Hariharan, S. (2017). Public health awareness: knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general public on health risks during the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Journal of Public Health, 25,333−337.doi:10.1007/s10389-017-0790-7##Lau, J.T., Kim, J.H., Tsui, H., Griffiths, S. (2007). Perceptions related to human avian influenza and their associations with anticipated psychological and behavioral responses at the onset of outbreak in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. American Journal of Infection Control, 35(1), 38-49.##https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.010 PMID: 17276790##Lee, P.I., Hu, Y.L., Chen, P.Y., Huang, Y.C., Hsueh, P.R. (2020). Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 53,371−372. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.011##Ministry of Finance - Review of the Economy. (2020). Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago resetting the economy for growth and innovation.##https://www.finance. gov.tt/2020/10/05/review-of-the-economy-2020-2/ Accessed July 25th 2021.##Ngwewondo, A., Nkengazong, L., Ambe, L.A., Ebogo, J.T., Mba, F.M., Goni, H.O., Nyunaï, N., Ngonde, M.C., Oyono, J.L.E. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, practices of/towards COVID 19 preventive measures and symptoms: A cross-sectional study during the exponential rise of the outbreak in Cameroon. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14,1−15. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pntd.0008700##Nurse, M. (2020). Adjusting to the COVID-19 culture shock. CARICOM today.##https:// today. caricom . org /2020/04/01/##editorial-adjusting-to-the-covid-19-culture-shock/. Accessed 20 December 2020##Porter, S.R., Whitcomb, M.E. (2005), Non-response in student surveys: The Role of Demographics, Engagement and Personality. Research in Higher Education, 46,127−152. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11162-004-1597-2##Quadri, M., Jafer, M., Alqahtani, A., Al mutahar, S., Odabi, N., Daghriri, A.A., Tadakamadla, S.K. (2020). Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) awareness among the dental interns, dental auxiliaries and dental specialists in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide study. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13,856−864.##https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.010##Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S.K., Sharma, N., Verma, S.K., Kaushal, V. (2020).Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic.Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51,102083.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083 PMID: 32283510##Savage, M. (2020). Coronavirus: How much news is too much? BBC. https://www.bbc. Com/worklife/article/20200505-coronavirus-how-much-news-is-too-much. Accessed 20 December 2020##Singh, R., Agarwal, T.M., Al-Thani, H., Al Maslamani, Y., El-Menyar, A. (2018). Validation of a Survey Questionnaire on Organ Donation: An Arabic World Scenario. Journal of Transplantation, 2018, 1−10. https://doi.org/10. 1155/2018/9309486 ##Smets, L. (2015). Caribbean Region Quaterly Bulletin. Inter-American Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002291. Accessed 20 December 2020 ##Smith, W.G. (2008). Does Gender Influence Online Survey Participation? A Record-linkage Analysis of University Faculty Online Survey Response Behaviour. Dissertation, San José State University.https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501717.pdf Accessed July 25th 2021.##Smith, R.D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management.Social Science & Medicine, 63(12), 3113-3123. Https: //doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed. 2006.08.004 PMID: 16978751##Song, M. (2020).Psychological stress responses to COVID-19 and adaptive strategies in China. World Development, 136, 1−2. doi:10.1016/j. worlddev.2020.105107##Superville, S. (2020). Five arrested at 'zesser' party as cops begin covid crackdown. Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. https://newsday.co.tt/2020/ 08/16/five-arrested-at-zesser-party-as-cops-begin-covid-crackdown/. Accessed 20 December 2020##Tachfouti, N., Slama, K., Berraho, M., Nejjari, C. (2012) .The impact of knowledge and attitudes on adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a case-control study in a Moroccan region.Pan African Medical Journal,12:1−8 ##Tekingunduz, A. (2020). Why do some people hide positive Covid-19 diagnoses? TRT World. https:// www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-do-some- people-hide-positive-covid-19-diagnoses- 39840. Accessed 20 December 2020##Trinidad and Tobago Association of Psychologists (TTAP).(2020). The Trinidad and Tobago Association of Psychologists’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic. https://psychologytt. org/ blog/archives/221. Accessed 17 December 2020##Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross Society (TTRCS).(2020). TTRCS Toll Free Hotline established in collaboration with Digicel. https:// ttrcs.org/press-releases/article/?p=50. Accessed 17 December 2020##Warriner, K., Goyder, J., Miller, S. (2002). Evaluating Socio-economic Status (SES) Bias in Survey Nonresponse. Journal of Official Statistics, 18,1−12##World Health Organization (WHO). (2020), ## ##Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Schools. https:// www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/ coronavirus-disease-covid-19-schools. Accessed 20 December 2020##Zhong, B-L., Luo, W., Li, H-M., Zhang, Q-Q., Liu, X-G., Li, W-T., Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16:1745−1752.##doi:10.7150/ijbs.45221## ##