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Social Determinants of Health, Health Promotion, and Sustainable Development Goals: Rising opportunities in Iran to address SDH and achieve SDGs 2 2 No Abstract. 1 2 2017/05/22 1396/3/1 Nastaran Keshavarz Moahmmadi Nastaran Keshavarz Moahmmadi School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran iran Keshavarz N. Health promotion thinking, interpretation and implementation in Iran: Capacities, and the Way Forward. Health Scope. 2013;2(1):1-3.##WHO. Social determinants of health. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/social _determinants/ en/. Accessed May 1, 2017.##Lee JW. Address by the director-general to the fifty-seventh World Health Assembly. [LECTURE] at: Fifty-fifth World Health Assembly; 2002 May 13-18; Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization; 2004 May.##WHO. Commission on social determinants of health - final report. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/. Accessed May 1, 2017.##Solar O, Irwin A. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/ gho/ publications/mdgs-sdgs/en/. Accessed May 1, 2017.##UN. Sustainable development goals: 17 targets to transform our world. Available at: URL: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/. Accessed May 1, 2017.##Keshavarz N, Jahanmeher N. Benchmarking and trend analysis of health related SDGs in Iran (WHO commissioned project). WHO office, Tehran. [In Press]##WHO. Health in 2015: from MDGs. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/social_ determinants/resources/csdh_framework_action_05_07.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2017.##World Health Organization (WHO). Global leaders agree to promote health in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. [LECTURE] at: 9th Global conference on health promotion; 2016 Nov 21; Shanghai, China. 2016.##Beheshtian M, Manesh AO, Bonakdar SH, et al. Intersectoral collaboration to develop health equity indicators in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2013;42(1):31.## ##

Marital Satisfaction Rate of Women Referring to Health Care Centers of Yazd Suburbs and the Related Factors 2 2 Background: Marital satisfaction refers to the positive self-assessment of individuals about their marital relations and marriage quality. Also, it is the most crucial issue in marital life and can either lead to stability or failure of the relationship. This study, therefore, was designed to determine marital satisfaction rate and factors effecting women referring to health care centers in suburbs of Yazd. Methods: This is a cross-sectional research with a sample of 246 women who visited health care centers in suburb of Yazd. Data collection instrument used in this study was the standard questionnaire of Marital Satisfaction Index (IMS). Questionnaire was completed as a self-report, after data collection, information were analyzed using SPSS18 software and Chi-Square test. Results: Frequency distribution of marital satisfaction rate showed that 59.8% and 40.2% of women were respectively unsatisfied and satisfied. Chi-Square test conducted to determine marital satisfaction rate in terms of demographic variables, showed no significant results in terms of age, marriage duration, number of children, education level of women and their husbands, as well as employment status of women (P-value > 0/05). However, significant differences were observed in terms of husband employment (P-value = 0/023) and economical status (P-value = 0/025).    Conclusion: Considering significant association of economic status and husband employment with marital satisfaction of participants, appropriate planning in this regard and providing grounds for employment of these women's husbands is crucial.  3 8 2017/01/14 1395/10/25 2017/05/222017/05/8 1396/2/18 Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Zohreh Karimian Kakolaki Zohreh Karimian Kakolaki Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Sakineh Gerayllo Sakineh Gerayllo Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Hosein Fallahzadeh Hosein Fallahzadeh Department of Biostatistics, Research Center of Prevention & Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Farahnaz Khabiri Farahnaz Khabiri Department of Health Education & Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Marital Satisfaction Women Suburb Danesh E, Heidarian M. The relationship between mutual interest and respect among couplesand their marital satisfacction in Qum city. Counseling Research & Developments. 2005;5(18):59-76. [Persian]##Fathi Ashtiani A, Ahmadi K. Study of successful and unsuccessful marriages among students. Daneshvar Raftar. 2003;1(7):9-16. [Persian]##Bahari S. Study of marital satisfaction married student. Journal of Modern Thoughts in Education. 2006;2(4):27-40. [Persian]##Pakgohar M, Mahmoodi M, Ghobary B, Golian S. Marriage counseling for enriching and nutrition relationship issues of marriage. Daneshvar Medicine. 2006;15(73):1-6. [Persian]##Ganji AA, Navabinezhad D. The relationship between locus of control and marital satisfaction of couples. Life Science Journal. 2012;9(4):294-298.##Morowati Sharifabad MA, Karimian Kakolaki Z, Bokaei M, Fallahzadeh H, Mirrezaii S. Frequency of marital dissatisfaction in couples with wives who suffer from premenstrual syndrome in the city of Yazd. Health System Research. 2014;10(2):315-325. [Persian]##Bradbury T, Fincham F, Beach S. Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2000;62(4):964-980.##Ofovwe C, Ofili A, Ojetu O, Okosun F. Marital satisfaction, job satisfaction and psychological health of secondary school teachers in Nigeria. Health. 2013;5(4):663.##Rostami A, Ghazinour M, Nygren L, Nojumi M, Richter J. Health-related quality of life, marital satisfaction, and social support in medical staff in Iran. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2012:8(3):385-402.##Khosravi S, Neshad Doost H, Molavi H, Kalantari M. The effect of teaching communicative patterns of pluralistic family on life satisfaction of couples. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2010;15(1):40-48. [Persian]##Morowati Sharifabad MA, Karimiankakolaki Z, Bokaie M, Fallahzadeh H, Gerayllo S. The effects of training married men about premenstrual syndrome by pamphlets and short messages on marital satisfaction. Health Education Research. 2014:29(6):1005-1014. http://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu052##Walker R, Isherwood L, Burton C, Kitwe-Magambo K, Luszcz M. Marital satisfaction among older couples: The role of satisfaction with social networks and psychological well-being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2013; 76(2): 123-139.##Kajbaf M, Aghaii A, Kavyani R. The relationship between parental marital satisfaction and behavioral disorders girls. The Journal of Women's Student. 2003;2(4):123-148. [Persian]##Eigel DJ, Ballard-Reisch DS. All marriages are not maintained equally: Marital type, marital quality, and the use of maintenance behaviors. Personal Relationships. 1999;6(3):291-303.##Honarian M, Yonesi J. The study of divorce reasons in Tehran family courts. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies. 2010; 2(3): 125-153. [Persian]##Jose O, Alfons V. Do demographics affect marital satisfaction?. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 2007;33(1):73-85.##Cheug PP, Hudson WW. Assessment of marital discord in social work practice: A revalidation of the index of marital satisfaction. Journal of Social Service Research. 1982;5:101-118.##Padash Z, Fatehizadeh M, Abedi M, Izadikhah Z. The effect of quality of life therapy on marital satisfaction. J Res Behav Sci. 2013;10(5):363-372. [Persian]##Ferasat Z, Navabi Nejad S, Sanai B. The investigation and the comperison of marriege satisfaction between female techers and housewives in the city of Tehran. Counseling Research & Developments. 2004;3:103-117. [Persian]##Norouzian S. Family education (structural approach) in improving marital satisfaction. 2006. available at: URL: http://www.teo.ir/ images/ part/maghale/upload/31pdf. Accessed January 1, 2017. [Persian]##Balsamo DL, Deese MA, Kiefer JG, Armstrong PJ. Marital satisfaction in relation to age and number of children. [POSTER] at: 18th Annual Research Conference; 2013 April 2-4; Georgia, USA. Dahlonega: University of North Georgia; 2013.##Aqapour E, Mazaheri B, Avazeh A, Vahedi S. The relationship between marital satisfaction Qur'anic injunction case study: Families residing in the city of Marand. Journal of Quran and Medicine. 2010;1(3):77-81. [Persian]## ##

Comparison between the Impact of Video Instructions and Traditional Training on FBS Control in Type 2 Diabetics, Hamadan: A model based intervention 2 2 Background: Diabetes is a chronic progressive disorder that imposes negative effects on various aspects of an individual's life. This study was conducted to compare the effect of video instructions in comparison with traditional training on glucose control in type 2 diabetic patients of Hamadan. Methods: In this experimental study, 120 patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to diabetes center of Hamadan were divided into two groups: intervention and control. Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on health belief model completed by interviewing before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention. In addition, the serum levels of HbA1c were measured before and three months after the study. Intervention was conducted on three groups of 20 participants using video playback as well as question and answer sessions. Data were analyzed by SPSS21 using Friedman, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: This study revealed a significant difference in the median of knowledge, perceived threat, perceived benefits, and barriers in the intervention group immediately and three months after the intervention. HbA1c levels decreased after the intervention but this change was not significant. Three months after the intervention, in the intervention group both physicians and video were the most effective cues to action. Conclusion: Instructional videos for diabetes education can have a positive impact on healthy lifestyle in Patients with type 2 diabetes. It was concluded that decrease in HbA1c level needs longer intervention period; more than three months. 9 17 2017/01/142017/04/4 1396/1/15 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/15 1396/2/25 Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Hazavehei Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Hazavehei Department of Public Health & Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Masomeh Rostami Moez Masomeh Rostami Moez Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Fereshteh Besharati Fereshteh Besharati Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Shohreh Emdadi Shohreh Emdadi Department of Public Health & Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Mehdi Khezeli Mehdi Khezeli Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Maryam Farhadian Maryam Farhadian Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Health Belief Model Instructional Video Type 2 Diabetes Self-Efficacy Aschner P, Beck-Nielsen H, Bennett P, et al. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes. Available at: URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24508150. Accessed April 8, 2017.##McMurray SD, Johnson G, Davis S, McDougall K. Diabetes Education and Management Significantly Improve Patient Outcomes in the Dialysis Unit. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2002;40(3):566-575.##Parham M, Riahin AA, Jandaghi M, Darivandpour A. Self-Care behaviors of diabetic patients in Qom. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2013;6(4):81-87. [Persian]##Rathmann W, Giani G. Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047-1053.##Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates ofthe prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2011;94(3):311-321.##Esteghamati A, Meysamie A, Khalilzadeh O, et al. Third national surveillance of risk factors prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:167.##Peyrot M, Richard RR. Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: a conceptual review. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2433-2440.##Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF. Principles and foundations of health promotion & education. 5th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings; 2012.##EigenmannC, Colagiuri R. Outcomes and indicators for diabetes education: a national consensus position.Canberra: Diabetes Australia; 2007. P:136.##Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th ed. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons; 2008. P:8-46.##Hinyard LJ, Kreuter MW. Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: a conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Education & Behavior.2007;34(5):777-792.##Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Asadi N. Effects of face-to-face health-belief oriented eduation about risk factors on knowledge and attitude of myocardial infarction patients after discharge. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2012;12(9):638-646. [Persian]##Moemeni L, Yarandi AN, Haghani H. Comparative study of the effects of education using vcd and booklet in two different times on pre-operative anxiety. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2009;21(56):81-93. [Persian]##Mohamad Khah F, Amin Shekravi F, Faghih Zadeh S, Babaee Haidar Abadi A, Kazem Begi F, Maghsodi R. Comparison of two methods of dental health education lectures and video screenings on knowledge, attitude and practice of students. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013;20(5):43-50. [Persian]##Peeples M, Koshinsky J, McWilliams J. The benefits of diabetes education: better health outcomes through successful self-management. Diabetes Voice. 2007;52:5-8.##Karimy M, Abedi A, Amin-Shokravi F, Tavafian SS. Preventing HIV transmission among the opiate-dependent population in Zarandieh: Evaluation of the HBM-based educational programs. Health Education & Health Promotion. 2013;1(1):21-31.##Sahebzamani M, Safavi M, Riazi R. Evaluating the effect of education on knowledge andattitude of high school girl students towards friendship with the opposite sex. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity Tehran Medical Branch. 2005;15(4):207-213. [Persian]##Torabi MR, Crowe JW, Rhine S, Daniels DE, Jeng I. Evaluation of HIV/AIDS education in Russia: using video approach. Journal of School Health. 2000;70(6):229-233.##Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Asadi N. Effects of health belief model-based video training about risk factors on knowledge and attitude of myocardial infarction patients after discharge. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011;16(2):195-199. [Persian]##Masoudi GR, Kykha RR, Poor MS, Naderi M, Zareban I. The effect of health belief model-based training on preventing major thalassemia in thalassemia carrier couples. Journal of Research & Health. 2015;5(2):211-219. [Persian]##Zareban I, Niknami S, Hidarnia A, Rakhshani F, Karimy M, Shamsi M. The effect of education program based on health belief model on decreasing blood sugar levels in diabetic type 2 patients in Zahedan. Health Scope. 2013;2(2):73-78.##Sadeghi R, Rezaeian M, Khanjani N, Iranpour A. The applied of health belief model in knowledge, attitude and practice in people referred for diabetes screening program: An educational trial. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015;13(11):1061-1072.##Bayat F, Shojaeezadeh D, Baikpour M, Heshmat R, Baikpour M, Hosseini M. The effects of education based on extended health belief model in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2013;12(1):45. http://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-12-45##Jalilian F, Motlagh FZ, Solhi M, Gharibnavaz H. Effectiveness of self-management promotion educational program among diabetic patients based on health belief model. Journal of education and health promotion. 2014;3:75-79. http://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.127580##Sharifirad G, Hazavehie S, Mohebi S, Rahimi M, Hasanzadeh A. The effect of educational programme based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on the foot care by type II diabetic patients. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;8(3):231-239. [Persian]##Agha MT, Eftekhar H, Mohammad K. Application of health belief model to behavior change of diabetic patients. Payesh. 2005;4(4):263-269. [Persian]##Dehghan H, Khankeh H, Mohammadi F, Rezasoltani P. The study of the effect of educational intervention based on the self-efficacy theory on diabetes management##Baghianimoghadam MH, Taheri GH, FallahZadeh H, Parsa M. The effect of instructional designed SMS based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on adoption of self-care behavior of patients with type II diabetes. Modern Care. 2014;11(1):10-18. [Persian]##Baraz Pardenjani S, Mohammadi E, Boroumand B. The effect of self- care teaching by video on physical problems and quality of life dialysis patients. Iran Journal Nursing. 2008;21(54):121-133. [Persian]##Jamshidi N, Abbaszadeh A, Najafi Kalyani M. Comparison of video & verbal education on satisfaction and post operative complications of patients undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2012;1(4):233-237. [Persian]##Rezai N, Tahbaz F, Kimiagar SM, Alavi MH. The effect of nutrition education on knowledge, attitude and practice of type 1 diabetic patients from Aligoodarz. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2006;8(2):52-59. [Persian]## ##

The Relation between the Type of Crime Committed and the Mental Health Status of the Female Prisoners in Urmia 2 2 Background: The mental health of female prisoners as a high-risk group is very important. Evaluating their health needs has been neglected in most societies. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the relation between the type of crime committed and the mental health status of the female prisoners in Urmia province, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 150 female prisoners in 2016. The standard questionnaire of general health with 28 questions and also a questionnaire including demographic information, the type of crime, and the conviction period were used in order to evaluate the mental health status. The collected information was analysed through SPSS16 and by using chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The results showed that 74% of the female prisoners were suspected to have mental disorder and the least of it was depression with 20.4 per cent being affected by it and the most severe mental disorder pertaining to social function with 78% being affected. Also, the prisoner who had committed murder or had been accomplices for murder, and those sentenced to death had the worst mental health. The statistical relation between mental health and the type of crime and the length of the sentence was significant and the odds ratio of mental disorders among women who were sentenced for murder and for being accomplices to murder was 2.4 times that of women who were convicted for crimes related to drugs. Conclusion: Considering the poor mental health of female prisoners and its relationship with the severity of the crime and the conviction period, it is necessary to make policies to promote mental health in prisoners in order to promote the other aspects of prisoners’ health and also to prevent the recurrence of crime after the discharge from prison.  18 26 2017/01/142017/04/42016/12/25 1395/10/5 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/152017/05/8 1396/2/18 Morad Ali Zareipour Morad Ali Zareipour Health center of Urmia, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran Mohammad Hassan Javadi Mohammad Hassan Javadi School of Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Iran Noshin Narmayoun Noshin Narmayoun Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Iran Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh Mousa Ghelichi Ghojogh Health center of Urmia, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran Mental Health Female Prisoners Type of Crime Bermúdez EC, Mendoza MR, Ruiz ER, Durand-Smith AL, Hernández GS. Female depression and substance dependence in the Mexico City penitentiary system. Salud Mental. 2007;30(6):53.##Barnard A. Lesbians' constructions of depression. Health Care For Women International. 2009;30(5):373-89.##Olfson M, Marcus SC, Druss B, Elinson L, Tanielian T, Pincus HA. National trends in the outpatient treatment of depression. Jama. 2002;287(2):203-209.##Zareipour M, Sadeghi R, Bazvand E. Mental Health and its related factors in pregnant women in health centers of Kuhdasht. Journal of Health and Development. 2012;1(2):156-165. [Persian]##Douki S, Zineb SB, Nacef F, Halbreich U. Women's mental health in the Muslim world: Cultural, religious, and social issues. Journal of affective disorders. 2007;102(1):177-189.##Zareipour M, EftekharArdabili H, Azam K, Movahed E. Study of mental health and its relationship with family welfare in pre-university students in Salmas City in 2010. Journal of Research Development in Nursing & Midwifery. 2012;9(1):84-93. [Persian]##Walmsley R. World prison population list. England: Home Office London, England; 10th ed. 2013. P:1-6.##Mazaheri M, Khalighi N, Raghibi M, Sarabandi H. Prevalence of personality disorders among female prisoners of Zahedan prison. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011;13(3):46-49. [Persian]##Sotoudeh H. What is criminal psychology?. In: Sotoudeh H, Mirzaei B, Paazand A. Criminal psychology. 5th ed. Tehran: Avay-e-Nour; 2008. P:16-29. [Persian]##Gunn J, Maden A, Swinton M. Treatment needs of prisoners with psychiatric disorders. Bmj. 1991;303(6798):338-341.##Plugge E, Douglas N, Fitzpatrick R. The health of women in prison study findings. Available at: URL:http://www.birthcompanions. org.uk/ media/Public/Resources/Extpublications/ 1332511665Health_of_Women_in_Prison_Study.pdf. Accessed March 13, 2017.##Rimaz S, Ebrahimi Kalan M, Gharibzadeh S, et al. The mental health and its related factors in women prisoners. Rahavard Salamat Journal. 2016;1(2):1-15. [Persian]##Fries BE, Schmorrow A, Lang SW, et al. Symptoms and treatment of mental illness among prisoners: A study of Michigan state prisons. International journal of law and psychiatry. 2013;36(3):316-25.##Rothblum ED. Depression among lesbians: An invisible and unresearched phenomenon. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 1990;1(3):67-87.##Noorbala A, Mohammad K. The validation of general health questionnaire-28 as a psychiatric screening tool. Hakim Research Journal. 2009;11(4):47-53. [Persian]##Molavi H. Validation, factor structure, and reliability of the Farsi version of General Health Questionnaire-28 on Irani students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2002;17(3):87. [Persian]##Nazifi M, Mokarami H, Akbaritabar A, Faraji Kujerdi M, Tabrizi R, Rahi A. Reliability, Validity and factor structure of the Persian translation of General Health Questionnire (GHQ-28) in Hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2014;3(4):336-342. [Persian]##Chen Y-S, Lai Y-L, Lin C-Y. The impact of prison adjustment among women offenders: A Taiwanese perspective. The Prison Journal. 2014;94(1):7-29.##Davoodi Z, Ahmadi S. Comparison of mental disorders and adversity quotient in prisoners and non-prisoners in Shahrekord. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2015;17(2):76-83. [Persian]##Sharif F, Joulaei H, Kadivar M, Rajaeifard A. Mental health status and its related demographic variables of families referring to Shiraz health centers-2002. Armaghan Danesh. 2004;9(35):75-84. [Persian]##Joutsenniemi K, Martelin T, Martikainen P, Pirkola S, Koskinen S. Living arrangements and mental health in Finland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006;60(6):468-475.##Sadeghi R, Zareipour M, Akbari H, Khan Beygi M. Mental Health and associated factors amongst women referred to health care centers. Journal of Health And Care. 2011;13(4):1-9. [Persian]##Fleischer NL, Fernald LC, Hubbard AE. Depressive symptoms in low-income women in rural Mexico. Epidemiology. 2007;18(6):678-685.##Mahmoodi H, Golboni F, Nadrian H, Zareipour M, Shirzadi S, Gheshlagh RG. Mother-Father differences in postnatal psychological distress and its determinants in Iran. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017;5(1):91-96.##Meloy J. Mental disorders and homicidal behavior in female subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;152(8):1216-1218.##Emamhadi MA, Jalilvand M, Salehi M. Frequency of psychological disorders in male murderers. Social Welfare. 2006;5(20):153-162. [Persian]##Almasi M, Moradi GM. Mental Health of prisoners of Ilam's jails and its related factors. Strategic Studies security and social order. 2012;1(3):101-116. [Persian]## ##

Qualitative Study of a Background of Drug Use among Women in Yazd 2 2 Background: Drug addiction is a social problem, which, until recently, was considered specifically for men; however, drug addiction also affects women. The aim of this study was to identify the backgrounds for addiction in women and how they deal with it. Methods: This research was conducted using qualitative research through interviews. For this purpose, 51 addicted women, from two rehabilitation centers in Yazd, were selected through purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews, and the resultant observations were used for data collection. Data from the interviews were analysed using coding theory. Results: In the open coding Step 53, concepts were collected that were combined in the form of five major issues. Results show that the family condition is the most important factor that results in addiction among women. Friendly interactions and weaknesses in life skills are the conditions that lead to drug use among women. Breaking down of social relationships and job deviations are the consequences of addiction in women. Conclusion: woman drug use mostly affected by intimate relationships in family and friends. Social care systems should be developed for families with drug use persons to preventing family member’s involvement healthy lifestyle in Patients with type 2 diabetes. It was concluded that decrease in HbA1c level needs longer intervention period; more than three months. 27 35 2017/01/142017/04/42016/12/252017/03/15 1395/12/25 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/152017/05/82017/04/10 1396/1/21 Hossein Afrasiabi Hossein Afrasiabi School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Nasrin Farhani Nasrin Farhani School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Addiction Women Family Qualitative Drugs Ghasemi Rowshan E. From women's drug addiction to family disorders. Women's Strategic Studies. 2003;22:131-151. [Persian]##Jamshidi Manesh M, Soleimanifar P, Hosseini F. Personal, familial, social and economical characteristis of jailed addicted women. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2005;17(40):47-54. [Persian]##Garosi S, Mohammadi Dolatabad K. Delineation of the lived experiences of drug dependent women. Quarterly Journal of Woman & Society. 2011;2(5):55-74. [Persian]##Danesh P, Maleki A, Niazi Z. Ground theory about the addiction causes of the addiction women in jail of central of Isfahan. Journal of Studies Socio-Cultural Development. 2013;1(4):125-145. [Persian]##Mohammadi J. Drugs Types. Education and rehabilitation monthly. 2006:139:1-40.##Feizi I, Alibabaie Y, Rahmati MM. Investigation of family, friends and neighbor effects on drug abuse. Iranian Journal of Social Problems. 2010;1(4):131-150. [Persian]##Sedigh Sarvestani R. Is addiction a social problem?. Youth addiction problems. 2008:225-241. [Persian]##Hojati S, Nouri S, Dibachi S, Akbari K. Investigation of drug abused woman's condition. Research Report of Drug Control Committee of Majmaaa Tashkhise Maslahat. 2011:13-49. [Persian]##Ajilchi B, Naderi A, Ghaemi F. Study the relationship between characteristics of addicted women and social discipline. Nazm Va Amniyat-e-Entezami. 2010;4(2):49-69. [Persian]##Rahimi Movaghar A, Malayerikhah Langroodi Z, Delbarpour Ahmadi SH, Amin Esmaeili M. A Qualitative study of specific need so f women for treatment of addiction. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2011;17(2):116-125. [Persian]##Khademian T, Ghanaatian Z. Investigation of affective social factors on woman drug abuse at rehabilitation centers of Tehran City. Journal of Social Sciences. 2009;2(4):59-86. [Persian]##Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Khoda Javadi R. Relationship between identity status and parent-child relation among addictive women. Journal of Family Research. 2009;5(3):371-385. [Persian]##Najari F. The evaluation of addiction in female addicts admitted to detoxification centers in Tehran during 1384 and 1385. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2007;25(4):457-463. [Persian]##Arévalo S, Prado G, Amaro H. Spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses in women receiving treatment for alcohol and drug addiction. Evaluation and Program Planning. 2008;31(1):113-23.##Grangé G, Vayssiere C, Borgne A, et al. Description of tobacco addiction in pregnant women. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2005;120(2):146-51.##Abadinsky H. Drug abuse: An introduction. Michigan: Nelson-Hall Publishers; 1979. P:198.##Ritzer G. Contemporary sociological theory and its classical roots: The basics. New York: McGraw-Hill Publication; 1983. P:342.##Moazzami SH. Criminal sciences: Criminal investigation of women crimes. Tehran: Samt; 2004. P:45-63.##Hariri N. Principles and methods of qualitative research. Tehran: Islamic Azad University Publications. 2006.## ##

Evaluating Spiritual Experiences and Some Psychological Components in Medical Students 2 2 Background: Spiritual experiences seem to be an important component in Religious and spiritual life of some one. Aim of the present study was to determinate relation between daily spiritual experiences, and psychological variables in students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 138 students of the Qom University of Medical Sciences were selected via random sampling methods. These students completed the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Data were analyzed in SPSS16 software environment utilizing descriptive statistics and the Independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Mean and standard deviations of daily spiritual experiences scores was 28.27(4.90).  The daily spiritual experiences was associated with mental health (r = -0.22, P-value = 0.01) depression(r = -0.25, P-value = 0.005), and stress (r = -0.23, P-value = 0.01). Conclusion: The findings indicated that spiritual experiences were respectively the most important religious - spiritual components which may affect psychological health in students. 36 41 2017/01/142017/04/42016/12/252017/03/152017/04/8 1396/1/19 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/152017/05/82017/04/102017/05/17 1396/2/27 Zahra Taheri Kharameh Zahra Taheri Kharameh Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Vahid Khosravi Vahid Khosravi Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran Tahereh Ramezani Tahereh Ramezani Department of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Iran Alireza Alinoori Alireza Alinoori Department of Theology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qum, Iran Iran Khansanami Shabanali Khansanami Shabanali Department of Theology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Iran Fatemeh Sharififard Fatemeh Sharififard School of Paramedical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Iran Spiritual Experiences Depression Anxiety Stress Psychological Health Students Moshki M, Ghofranipoor F, Azad Fallah P, Hajizadeh E. Effect of an educational program with self-esteem and health control beliefs on mental health promotion of university students. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2009;12(4):38-45. [Persian]##Taheri-Kharameh Z, Abdi M, OmidiKoopaei R, Alizadeh M, Vahidabi V, Mirhoseini H. The relationship between religious-spiritual well-being and stress, anxiety, and depression in university students. Health Spiritual Med Ethics. 2016;3(1):30-35.##Koenig HG, McCullough ME, Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health. Oxford University Press; 2001.##Wachholtz A, Rogoff M. The relationship between spirituality and burnout among medical students. J Contemp Med Educ. 2013;1(2):83-91. http://doi.org/10.5455/jcme.20130104060612##Nejat S. Standardization quality of life questionnaire of the world health organization. Journal of the School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2007;4(4):1-12. [Persian]##McSherry W, Cash K, Ross L. Meaning of spirituality: Implications for nursing practice. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13(8):934-941.##Sorajjakool S, Aja V, Chilson B, Ramírez-Johnson J, Earll A. Disconnection, depression, and spirituality: A study of the role of spirituality and meaning in the lives of individuals with severe depression. Pastoral Psychology. 2008;56(5):521-532. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-008-0125-2##Desrosiers A, Miller L. Relational spirituality and depression in adolescent girls. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(10):1021-1037. http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20409##Wachholtz A, Rogoff M. The relationship between spirituality and burnout among medical students. Journal of Contemporary Medical Education. 2013;1(2):83-91. http://doi.org/10.5455/jcme.20130104060612##Beck R. Comm:::union::: and complaint: attachment, object-relations, and triangular love perspective on relationship with God. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 2006;34(1):43-53.##Laurin K, Kay A C, Mosovitch DA. On the belief in God: Towards an understanding of the emotional substrates of compensatory control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44(6):1559-1562.##Underwood LG, Teresi JA. The daily spiritual experience scale: development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2002;24(1):22-33.##Taghavi M, Amiri H. Psychoanalysis characteristic investigation daily spiritual experience scale (DSES). Biquarterly Journal of Islamic Education. 2010;5(10):149-165. [Persian]##Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997;27(1):191-197.##Ebadi M, Harirchi AM, Shariati M, GarmaroudiGh, Fateh A, Montazeri A. Translation, reliability and validity of the 12-item general health questionnaire among young people in Iran. Payesh Journal. 2002;1(3):39-46. [Persian]##Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2ed ed. Sydney, NSW: Psychology Foundation; 1995.##Asgharimoghaddam M, Saed F, Dibajnia, P, Zangeneh J. A preliminary validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS) in non-clinical sample. CPAP. 2008;1(31):23-38. [Persian]##Safee Rad I, Karimi L, Shomoossi N, Ahmaditahor M. The relationship between spiritual wellbeing and mental health of university students. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2011;17(4):274-280. [Persian]##Papazisis G, Nicolaou P, Tsiga E, Christoforou T, Sapountzi-Krepia D. Religious and spiritual beliefs, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression among nursing students. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2014;16(2):232-238. http://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12093##Sanders PW, Allen GE, Fischer L, Richards PS, Morgan DT, Potts RW. Intrinsic religiousness and spirituality as predictors of mental health and positive psychological functioning in latter-day saint adolescents and young adults. Journal of Religion and Health. 2015;54(3):871-887.##Ghahremani N, Nadi M. Relationship between religious/spiritual components, mental health and hope for the future in hospital staff of Shiraz public hospitals. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2012;25(79):1-11. [Persian]## ##

The Reasons for the Emergence of Violent Behavior and Attempted Murder from the Perspective of Male Killers: A qualitative study 2 2 Background: Murder is a violent social behavior, which stems from various reasons. The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the reasons for murder from the perspective of killers. Methods: The present research is a qualitative study which involves 23 male killers sampled purposefully from Adel Abad prison in Shiraz. After conducting a semi-structured interview, data was analysed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The results showed that three reasons including Honor (fear of prolongation of trial, recognition of the legitimacy of murder), unintentional (mental stress, consumption of alcohol and psychotropic substances, availability of weapons), and subcultural values (considering crime to be a normal event) are the major reasons for emergence of murder among these people. Results of the research indicate that murder occurs based on interpretive structures of actors; which form their values and behaviors and potentially can lead to murder. Conclusion: In order to decline violent behavior especially murder; policies of the judicial system in the country should ensure security for citizens. This security can be achieved through non-prolonged trials, timeliness of law especially in matters of Honor, banning weapons in civil society and ultimately reducing the influence of anti-social and subcultural values in various social contexts. 42 48 2017/01/142017/04/42016/12/252017/03/152017/04/82017/03/21 1396/1/1 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/152017/05/82017/04/102017/05/172017/05/12 1396/2/22 Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Kurosh Zare Kurosh Zare Department of Law, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran. Iran Fatemeh Teymuri Fatemeh Teymuri Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Seyyed Taghi Heydari Seyyed Taghi Heydari Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Iran Hossein Afrasiabi Hossein Afrasiabi Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Violent Behavior Murder Qualitative Method Interpretive Sociology Moazami S. Wife killings, Proceedings of social damage Iran. Tehran: Agah; 2007.##Najafi Hossein Abrandabadi A, Jafarizadeh F, Haditabar E. A study of different motives and related factors of murder in Fars province during 2002-2012. IJFM. 2016;21(3):189-197. [Persian]##Javanmard B. Theories of social disorganization, anomie and pressure. Journal of Taali Hoghoogh. 2011;12(3):105-147. [Persian]##Ahmadi H. Sociology of Deviance. 5th ed. Tehran: Samt; 2016. P:48.##Eftekhari A, Ghorbani M, Gharedaghi J. Examine the methods and motives of assassinations in Tehran and its related factors. Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2005;11(4):179-184. [Persian]##Gholamlou J. Etiology of serial murder based on personality disorders. Medical Law. 2011;5(16):132-160 .[Persian]##Jahed MA, Dindar Bousjin R, Sotude M. Evaluation of the factors involved in the murder in Ardebil. The Detective. 2011;2(16):109-128. [Persian]##Arabnezhad F, Yazdanpanah L. Factors related to violence among youths aged between 18-35 in Kerman prison. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2011;11(43):71-95. [Persian]##Sarrami H. The survey of death and murder resulted from addiction, smuggling drugs and psychelic drugs. Social Health and Addiction. 2014;1(1):23-42. [Persian]##Hoseini Razlighi SM, Hosseinpoor M. Criminological investigation of serial killings city of Karaj. The Detective. 2015;2(30):27-40. [Persian]##Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research. 2005;15(9):1277-1288.##Tabrizi M. Deductive and inductive qualitative content analysis.Quarterly Journal of Social Science. 2015;21(64):105-138.[Persian]##Kalateh Sadati A, Tabei SZ, Salehzadeh H, Rahnavard F, Namavar Jahromi B, Hemmati S. The relationship between neutralization techniques and induced abortion. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery. 2014;2(2):103-111.## ##

The Causes of Smoking and the Solutions to Control it in Tehran 2 2 Background: Smoking is one of the leading causes of disease and death in the world. There is a growing trend of smoking in Iran, especially among youth and women. This study has been conducted to identify the factors related to smoking and solutions that can lead to its control in Tehran. Methods: This study was conducted qualitatively from August 2015 to August 2016 in Tehran. The data collection tool included cognitive interviews and deep, semi-structured interviews. The participants consisted of 7 men and 5 women who smoked cigarettes; they were selected through purposive sampling with maximum diversity and snowball technique which continued until data saturation. The data was analyzed through qualitative conventional content analysis. Results: Two main classes with 15 subclasses were extracted from the participants’ responses. The causes of smoking and the solutions for its control are evaluated along these two classes. The subclasses include factors like being accustomed to smoking, considering smoking as a normal behavior, easy access to cigarettes, recreation and entertainment; lack of recreational facilities, way of relaxing, increasing the price of cigarettes, the importance of making cigarettes scarce, and cultural and individual volition. Conclusion: Being accustomed to smoking and considering it as an entertainment are the most important causes of smoking, and the importance of creating an anti-smoking culture and individual volition have been introduced as the most important solutions for controlling smoking in Tehran. Furthermore, it seems that reducing the public access to cigarette through various ways such as increasing the price, reducing the imports, the decline in production and supply, as well as creating a culture against smoking can reduce the amount of smoking considerably. 49 59 2017/01/142017/04/42016/12/252017/03/152017/04/82017/03/212017/01/12 1395/10/23 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/152017/05/82017/04/102017/05/172017/05/122017/05/6 1396/2/16 Vahid Mazidi Sharafabadi Vahid Mazidi Sharafabadi School of Sociology, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran Iran Cigarette Qualitative Study Cause of Consumption Control Solution Xu X, Dockery DW, Ware JH, Speizer FE, Ferris Jr BG. Effects of cigarette smoking on rate of loss of pulmonary function in adults: A longitudinal assessment. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1992;146(5):1345-1348.##Baška T, Warren CW, Bašková M, Jones NR. Prevalence of youth cigarette smoking and selected social factors in 25 European countries: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. International Journal of Public Health. 2009;54(6):439-445.##Moeini B, Poorolajal J, Gharlipour Gharghani Z. Prevalence of cigarette smoking and associated risk factors among adolescents in Hamadan City, west of Iran in 2010. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2012;12(1):31-37.##Goli S, Mahjub H, Moghimbeigi A, Poorolajal J, Heidari Pahlavian A. Application of mixture models for estimating the prevalence of cigarette smoking in Hamadan, Iran. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2010;10(2):110-115.##Sarraf-Zadegan N, Boshtam M, Shahrokhi S, et al. Tobacco use among Iranian men, women and adolescents. European Journal of Public Health. 2004;14(1):76-78.##Regidor E, Pascual C, Giráldez-García C, Galindo S, Martínez D, Kunst AE. Impact of tobacco prices and smoke-free policy on smoking cessation, by gender and educational group: Spain, 1993-2012. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2015;26(12):1215-1221.##Tan W. The effects of taxes and advertising restrictions on the market structure of the US cigarette market. Review of Industrial Organization. 2006;28(3):231-251.##Onal AE, Tumerdem Y, Ozel S. Smoking addiction among university students in Istanbul. Addiction biology. 2002;7(4):397-402.##Saunders C. Access to cigarettes by daily smokers in Florida's public middle schools and high schools. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2011;13(7):589-98.##Hammal F, Mock J, Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Maziak W. A pleasure among friends: how narghile (waterpipe) smoking differs from cigarette smoking in Syria. Tobacco Control. 2008;17(2).##Cremers HP, Mercken L, De Vries H, Oenema A. A longitudinal study on determinants of the intention to start smoking among Non-smoking boys and girls of high and low socioeconomic status. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):648.##Watanabe I, Shigeta M, Inoue K, et al. Personal Factors Associated with Smoking Among Marginalized and Disadvantaged Youth in Japan. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2013;20(4):504-513.##Lopez B, Huang S, Wang W, et al. Intrapersonal and ecodevelopmental factors associated with smoking in Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2010;19(4):492-503.## ##

Challenges Faced by Health Care Providers in Dealing with Iranian Women’s Fear of Breast Cancer 2 2 Background: Smoking is one of the leading causes of disease and death in the world. There is a growing trend of smoking in Iran, especially among youth and women. This study has been conducted to identify the factors related to smoking and solutions that can lead to its control in Tehran. Methods: This study was conducted qualitatively from August 2015 to August 2016 in Tehran. The data collection tool included cognitive interviews and deep, semi-structured interviews. The participants consisted of 7 men and 5 women who smoked cigarettes; they were selected through purposive sampling with maximum diversity and snowball technique which continued until data saturation. The data was analyzed through qualitative conventional content analysis. Results: Two main classes with 15 subclasses were extracted from the participants’ responses. The causes of smoking and the solutions for its control are evaluated along these two classes. The subclasses include factors like being accustomed to smoking, considering smoking as a normal behavior, easy access to cigarettes, recreation and entertainment; lack of recreational facilities, way of relaxing, increasing the price of cigarettes, the importance of making cigarettes scarce, and cultural and individual volition. Conclusion: Being accustomed to smoking and considering it as an entertainment are the most important causes of smoking, and the importance of creating an anti-smoking culture and individual volition have been introduced as the most important solutions for controlling smoking in Tehran. Furthermore, it seems that reducing the public access to cigarette through various ways such as increasing the price, reducing the imports, the decline in production and supply, as well as creating a culture against smoking can reduce the amount of smoking considerably. 60 66 2017/01/142017/04/42016/12/252017/03/152017/04/82017/03/212017/01/122017/02/22 1395/12/4 2017/05/222017/05/82017/05/152017/05/82017/04/102017/05/172017/05/122017/05/62017/05/2 1396/2/12 Mahsa Khodayarian Mahsa Khodayarian Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Minoor Lamyian Minoor Lamyian Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Fear Qualitative Content Analysis Personnel Breast Neoplasms Moodi M, Rezaeian M, Mostafavi F, Sharifirad GR. Determinants of mammography screening behavior in Iranian women: A population-based study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012;17(8).##Jarvandi S, Montazeri A, Harirchi I, Kazemnejad A. Beliefs and behaviors of Iranian teachers toward early detection of breast cancer and breast self-examination. Public Health. 2002;116(4):245-249.##Ministry for Health of Iran (MOH), Cancer office of Deputy Ministry for Health. National report of documented cancer cases. Available##Khodayarian M, Mazloomi Mahmoodabad SS, Lamyian M, Morowatisharifabad M, Tavangar H. Response costs of mammography adherence: Iranian women's perceptions. Health Promot Perspect. 2016;6(2):85-91.##Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, khodayarian M. Assessment of awareness and attitude of women about breast cancer screening behavior in Yazd city, Iran in 1391.Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Disease. 2014;6(4):41-51.##Young RF, Severson RK. Breast cancer screening barriers and mammography completion in older minority women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;89(2):111-118.##Ersin F, Gözükara F, Polat P, Erçetin G, Bozkurt ME. Determining the health beliefs and breast cancer fear levels ofwomen regarding mammography. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;45(4):775-781.##Kempe KL, Larson RS, Shetterley S, Wilkinson A. Breast cancer screening in an insured population: Whom are we missing. Perm J. 2013;17(1):38-44.##Lebel S, Tomei C, Feldstain A, Beattie S, McCallum M. Does fear of cancer recurrence predict cancer survivors' health care use?. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2013;21(3):901-906.##Conner M, Norman P. Predicting health behavior. 2nd ed. UK: McGraw-Hill Education; 2005. P:9.##Fry RB, Prentice Dunn S. Effects of a psychosocial intervention on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors. Health Education Research. 2006;21(2):287-295.##Burnard P. A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research.Nurse Education Today.1991;11(6):461-466.##Taylor SE, Lichtman RR, Wood JV. Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1984;46(3):489. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.489##Vrinten C, Wardle J, Marlow LA. Cancer fear and fatalism among ethnic minority women in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Cancer. 2016;114(5):597-604. http://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.15##Vrinten C, Van Jaarsveld CH, Waller J, Von Wagner C, Wardle J. The structure and demographic correlates of cancer fear. BMC Cancer. 2014;14(1):597. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-597##Lee JB. Breast cancer fear, mammography fear, and mammography adherence of African American women in Bridgeport, Connecticut. [Doctrate Thesis]. New York. New York University. 2011.P:100.##Taha H, Al Qutob R, Nyström L, Wahlström R, Berggren V. "Voices of Fear and Safety" Women's ambivalence towards breast cancer and breast health: A qualitative study from Jordan. BMC Women's Health. 2012;12(1):21. http:// doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-12-21##Muhbes FJ. Fears of patient with breast cancer. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2010;1(1):47-50.##Fallowfield LJ, Hall A, Maguire GP, Baum M. Psychological outcomes of different treatment policies in women with early breast cancer outside a clinical trial. Bmj. 1990;301(6752):575-580.##Fry RB, Prentice-Dunn S. Effects of a psychosocial intervention on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors. Health Education Research. 2006;21(2):287-295.##Tabrsi FH. Majmaolbayan. Tehran: Naser Khosrow publication;1993. P:105.##Motahari M.Education in Islam.Tehran: Sadra; 1984.## ##