Volume 8, Issue 2 (11-2024)
JSBCH 2024, 8(2): 1344-1346 |
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Shahali S. The Health Effects of Gender-Based Violence in Conflict. JSBCH 2024; 8 (2) :1344-1346
URL: http://sbrh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html
URL: http://sbrh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html
Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. , shadabshahali@yahoo.com
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Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Full-Text: (27 Views)
The Health Effects of Gender-Based Violence in Conflict
Shadab Shahali
Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| A R T I C L E I N F O |
| A B S T R A C T | ||
| Letter to the Editor | *Corresponding Author: Shadab Shahali Email: Shadab.shahali@modares.ac.ir Tel: +98 9166141895 |
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Article History: Received: 26 August 2024 Revised: 06 September 2024 Accepted: 11 October 2024 |
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Citation: Shahali Sh. The Health Effects of Gender-Based Violence in Conflict. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health (JSBCH). 2024; 8(2): 1344-1346.
Gender-based violence (GBV) in conflict zones is a widespread and devastating issue with significant implications for the health and well-being of affected populations. As an expert in sexual and reproductive health, the author aims to highlight the multifaceted health effects of GBV during wartime, supported by extensive research and evidence. This editorial will examine the physical, psychological, and social health impacts of GBV in conflict settings, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive interventions and policy responses.
Gender-based violence in war encompasses a range of abuses, including sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and other forms of physical and psychological abuse. These acts are often used as tools of war to terrorize, displace, and control populations. The prevalence of GBV in conflict zones is alarmingly high, with women and girls being disproportionately affected (Goessmann et al.,2020).
The physical health consequences of (GBV) in war are severe and complex. Survivors often endure injuries such as genital trauma, fractures, and internal damage, resulting in chronic pain and disability that significantly reduce their quality of life. Additionally, the lack of preventive measures leads to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and unwanted pregnancies. Restricted access to healthcare in conflict zones worsens these issues, contributing to higher rates of maternal and infant mortality (Tol et al.,2013). Stigma surrounding STIs further hinders access to treatment and support (Think Global Health,2022).
The psychological impact of GBV in war is deep and enduring, with survivors frequently facing mental health issues such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety (World Health Organization ,2014; Carpiniello,2023). The trauma of GBV is exacerbated by continuous stress and instability of living in a conflict zone (Perrin et al.,2019). PTSD frequently affects survivors of GBV in wartime, manifested as flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety that may last for years after the trauma (World Health Organization ,2014; Carpiniello,2023). Experiencing GBV can result in chronic depression and anxiety, hindering survivors' daily functioning. The absence of mental health services in conflict zones worsens these issues (Tol et al.,2013).Survivors of GBV frequently experience social stigma and ostracization, resulting in isolation and increased psychological distress. Many refrain from seeking help due to fear of retribution or disbelief (Carpiniello,2023; Perrin et al.,2019).
The social health impacts of GBV in war extend beyond individual survivors, affecting families and communities. The breakdown of social structures and the displacement of populations create environments where GBV can thrive, perpetuating cycles of violence and instability(Capasso et al.,2023; World Bank,2024) . GBV can disrupt family dynamics, leading to the breakdown of relationships and the displacement of family members. Children who witness or experience GBV are at risk of long-term psychological and behavioral issues. The prevalence of GBV in conflict zones undermines community cohesion and trust. The fear and trauma associated with GBV can hinder community rebuilding efforts and prolong the recovery process (Perrin et al.,2019). The economic impact of GBV is significant, as survivors may be unable to work or participate in economic activities. The loss of productivity and the cost of healthcare for survivors place additional burdens on already strained resources (World Bank,2024).
Addressing the health effects of GBV in war requires a multifaceted approach that includes prevention, protection, and support for survivors. Effective interventions must be grounded in a thorough understanding of the local context and the specific needs of affected populations preventing GBV in conflict zones involves addressing the root causes of violence, including gender inequality and the normalization of violence. Community-based programs that promote gender equality and challenge harmful norms are essential. Protecting survivors of GBV requires the establishment of safe spaces and the provision of legal and medical support. International humanitarian organizations play a crucial role in providing these services in conflict zones. Comprehensive support services for survivors, including medical care, mental health support, and economic assistance, are vital for recovery. These services must be accessible and culturally appropriate to be effective (Capasso et al.,2023; Tol et al.,2013).
The health effects of gender-based violence in conflict are profound, affecting individuals, families, and communities. As an expert in sexual and reproductive health, the author stresses the urgent need for comprehensive interventions and policy responses to tackle this issue. By prioritizing prevention, protection, and support for survivors, the devastating health impacts of GBV in conflict zones can be mitigated and a more just and equitable world can be fostered.
Conflict of interest
None
Funding
Not applicable.
Open Access Policy
JSBCH does not charge readers and their institutions for access to its papers. The full-text download of all new and archived papers is free of charge
References
Goessmann, K., Ibrahim, H., & Neuner, F. (2020). Association of war-related and gender-based violence with mental health states of Yazidi women. JAMA network open, 3(9), e2013418-e2013418.
Tol, W. A., Stavrou, V., Greene, M. C., Mergenthaler, C., Van Ommeren, M., & García Moreno, C. (2013). Sexual and gender-based violence in areas of armed conflict. Conflict and Health, 7(1).
Think Global Health,( 2022),The Devastating Use of Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War. Available at: https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/ article/devastating-use-sexual-violence-weapon-war (November 22, 2020)
World Health Organization,( 2014), Health care for women subjected to intimate partner violence or sexual violence: a clinical handbook. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/ 10665/ 136101/WHO_RHR_14.26_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Tol, W. A., Le, P. D., Harrison, S. L., Galappatti, A., Annan, J., Baingana, F. K., ... & van Ommeren, M. (2023). Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: research priorities for 2021–30. The Lancet Global Health, 11(6), e969-e975.
Tol, W. A., Stavrou, V., Greene, M. C., Mergenthaler, C., Garcia-Moreno, C., & Van Ommeren, M. (2013). Mental health and psychosocial support interventions for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence during armed conflict: a systematic review. World Psychiatry, 12(2), 179.
Carpiniello, B. (2023). The mental health costs of armed conflicts—a review of systematic reviews conducted on refugees, asylum-seekers and people living in war zones. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(4), 2840.
Perrin, N., Marsh, M., Clough, A., Desgroppes, A., Yope Phanuel, C., Abdi, A., ... & Glass, N. (2019). Social norms and beliefs about gender based violence scale: a measure for use with gender based violence prevention programs in low-resource and humanitarian settings. Conflict and health, 13, 1-12.
Capasso, A., Skipalska, H., Nadal, J., Zamostian, P., Kompaniiets, O., Navario, P., & Castillo, T. P. (2022). Lessons from the field: Recommendations for gender-based violence prevention and treatment for displaced women in conflict-affected Ukraine. The Lancet Regional Health–Europe, 17.
World Bank,( 2024). The cost and impacts of gender-based violence in developing countries: methodological considerations and new evidence (English). Available at: https://documents. worldbank. org/ en/publication/documents-reports/ documentdetail/ 442281468339624395/ the- cost-and-impacts-of-gender-based-violence-in- developing- countries- methodological-considerations- and-new-evidence
Gender-based violence in war encompasses a range of abuses, including sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and other forms of physical and psychological abuse. These acts are often used as tools of war to terrorize, displace, and control populations. The prevalence of GBV in conflict zones is alarmingly high, with women and girls being disproportionately affected (Goessmann et al.,2020).
The physical health consequences of (GBV) in war are severe and complex. Survivors often endure injuries such as genital trauma, fractures, and internal damage, resulting in chronic pain and disability that significantly reduce their quality of life. Additionally, the lack of preventive measures leads to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and unwanted pregnancies. Restricted access to healthcare in conflict zones worsens these issues, contributing to higher rates of maternal and infant mortality (Tol et al.,2013). Stigma surrounding STIs further hinders access to treatment and support (Think Global Health,2022).
The psychological impact of GBV in war is deep and enduring, with survivors frequently facing mental health issues such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety (World Health Organization ,2014; Carpiniello,2023). The trauma of GBV is exacerbated by continuous stress and instability of living in a conflict zone (Perrin et al.,2019). PTSD frequently affects survivors of GBV in wartime, manifested as flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety that may last for years after the trauma (World Health Organization ,2014; Carpiniello,2023). Experiencing GBV can result in chronic depression and anxiety, hindering survivors' daily functioning. The absence of mental health services in conflict zones worsens these issues (Tol et al.,2013).Survivors of GBV frequently experience social stigma and ostracization, resulting in isolation and increased psychological distress. Many refrain from seeking help due to fear of retribution or disbelief (Carpiniello,2023; Perrin et al.,2019).
The social health impacts of GBV in war extend beyond individual survivors, affecting families and communities. The breakdown of social structures and the displacement of populations create environments where GBV can thrive, perpetuating cycles of violence and instability(Capasso et al.,2023; World Bank,2024) . GBV can disrupt family dynamics, leading to the breakdown of relationships and the displacement of family members. Children who witness or experience GBV are at risk of long-term psychological and behavioral issues. The prevalence of GBV in conflict zones undermines community cohesion and trust. The fear and trauma associated with GBV can hinder community rebuilding efforts and prolong the recovery process (Perrin et al.,2019). The economic impact of GBV is significant, as survivors may be unable to work or participate in economic activities. The loss of productivity and the cost of healthcare for survivors place additional burdens on already strained resources (World Bank,2024).
Addressing the health effects of GBV in war requires a multifaceted approach that includes prevention, protection, and support for survivors. Effective interventions must be grounded in a thorough understanding of the local context and the specific needs of affected populations preventing GBV in conflict zones involves addressing the root causes of violence, including gender inequality and the normalization of violence. Community-based programs that promote gender equality and challenge harmful norms are essential. Protecting survivors of GBV requires the establishment of safe spaces and the provision of legal and medical support. International humanitarian organizations play a crucial role in providing these services in conflict zones. Comprehensive support services for survivors, including medical care, mental health support, and economic assistance, are vital for recovery. These services must be accessible and culturally appropriate to be effective (Capasso et al.,2023; Tol et al.,2013).
The health effects of gender-based violence in conflict are profound, affecting individuals, families, and communities. As an expert in sexual and reproductive health, the author stresses the urgent need for comprehensive interventions and policy responses to tackle this issue. By prioritizing prevention, protection, and support for survivors, the devastating health impacts of GBV in conflict zones can be mitigated and a more just and equitable world can be fostered.
Conflict of interest
None
Funding
Not applicable.
Open Access Policy
JSBCH does not charge readers and their institutions for access to its papers. The full-text download of all new and archived papers is free of charge
References
Goessmann, K., Ibrahim, H., & Neuner, F. (2020). Association of war-related and gender-based violence with mental health states of Yazidi women. JAMA network open, 3(9), e2013418-e2013418.
Tol, W. A., Stavrou, V., Greene, M. C., Mergenthaler, C., Van Ommeren, M., & García Moreno, C. (2013). Sexual and gender-based violence in areas of armed conflict. Conflict and Health, 7(1).
Think Global Health,( 2022),The Devastating Use of Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War. Available at: https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/ article/devastating-use-sexual-violence-weapon-war (November 22, 2020)
World Health Organization,( 2014), Health care for women subjected to intimate partner violence or sexual violence: a clinical handbook. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/ 10665/ 136101/WHO_RHR_14.26_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Tol, W. A., Le, P. D., Harrison, S. L., Galappatti, A., Annan, J., Baingana, F. K., ... & van Ommeren, M. (2023). Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: research priorities for 2021–30. The Lancet Global Health, 11(6), e969-e975.
Tol, W. A., Stavrou, V., Greene, M. C., Mergenthaler, C., Garcia-Moreno, C., & Van Ommeren, M. (2013). Mental health and psychosocial support interventions for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence during armed conflict: a systematic review. World Psychiatry, 12(2), 179.
Carpiniello, B. (2023). The mental health costs of armed conflicts—a review of systematic reviews conducted on refugees, asylum-seekers and people living in war zones. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(4), 2840.
Perrin, N., Marsh, M., Clough, A., Desgroppes, A., Yope Phanuel, C., Abdi, A., ... & Glass, N. (2019). Social norms and beliefs about gender based violence scale: a measure for use with gender based violence prevention programs in low-resource and humanitarian settings. Conflict and health, 13, 1-12.
Capasso, A., Skipalska, H., Nadal, J., Zamostian, P., Kompaniiets, O., Navario, P., & Castillo, T. P. (2022). Lessons from the field: Recommendations for gender-based violence prevention and treatment for displaced women in conflict-affected Ukraine. The Lancet Regional Health–Europe, 17.
World Bank,( 2024). The cost and impacts of gender-based violence in developing countries: methodological considerations and new evidence (English). Available at: https://documents. worldbank. org/ en/publication/documents-reports/ documentdetail/ 442281468339624395/ the- cost-and-impacts-of-gender-based-violence-in- developing- countries- methodological-considerations- and-new-evidence
Type of Study: Letter to Editor |
Subject:
Social Health
Received: 2024/08/26 | Accepted: 2024/10/11 | Published: 2024/11/20
Received: 2024/08/26 | Accepted: 2024/10/11 | Published: 2024/11/20
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