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JSBCH 2022, 6(2): 920-931 |
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Ghorbani B, Shahnazari M, Hosseindoust S S, Sehat Z. Predicting Home Violence, According to Perceived Social Support and Marital Satisfaction for Infertility Women in Tehran, Iran. JSBCH 2022; 6 (2) :920-931
URL: http://sbrh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html
URL: http://sbrh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html
1- Nano biotechnology Research Center Avicenna Research, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran
2- Department op psychology. Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3- Department op psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4- Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran , sehat.zahra426@gmail.com
2- Department op psychology. Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3- Department op psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4- Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran , sehat.zahra426@gmail.com
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| Abstract (HTML) (467 Views)
a Nano biotechnology Research Center Avicenna Research, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran.
b Department op psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
c Department op psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
d Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran.
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Predicting Home Violence, According to Perceived Social Support and Marital Satisfaction for Infertility Women in Tehran, Iran
Behzad Ghorbani a, Mehdi Shahnazari b, Seyede Sedighe Hosseindoust c*, Zahra Sehat d
a Nano biotechnology Research Center Avicenna Research, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran.
b Department op psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
c Department op psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
d Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, Academic Center for Education- Culter and Research, Tehran, Iran.
| A R T I C L E I N F O | A B S T R A C T | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
Background: Studies in many regions of the world indicate that women bear the burden of infertility. Infertile couples are expected to be involved in various psychological and social problems. Social support may lessen the psychological pain of infertility in women. Also, violence and inequality against women are raised in such families. This research aims to survey domestic violence in women based on social support and marital satisfaction in infertile women in Tehran.
Methods: In this study in 2018, authorities randomly selected 130 infertile women for an interview in Avicenna infertility center in Tehran. After obtaining informed consent, participants completed a questionnaire. It included domestic violence against women, social support (MSPSS) and marital satisfaction (Enrich 47) questionnaires. Data and statistical analysis of the research hypotheses was performed using SPSS v22. Moreover, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Watson's camera statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate correlation coefficient and simultaneous multivariate regression analysis were used. The significance level was considered less than 0.05 and the confidence interval (CI) was 95%. Results: In this study, the mean age of women was 31.63 (47-23) and the mean duration of the marriage was 0.50 (2-20). Two variables of social support and marital satisfaction predicted the domestic violence against women to be 0.388 (38.8%). Marital satisfaction had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women (p=0.001). The higher the marital satisfaction (T= -8.997, p= 0.001), the less would be the domestic violence against infertile women. Conclusion: Findings showed that in infertile women, domestic violence is predictable with perceived social support and marital satisfaction. Keywords: Domestic Violence, Social Support, Marital Satisfaction, Infertility |
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Article History: Received: 30 May 2022 Revised: 12 Nov 2022 Accepted: 06 Sep 2022 |
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*Corresponding Author: Seyede Sedighe Hosseindoust Email: s.hossindost@yahoo.com Tel: + 98 9132636817 |
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Citation: Ghorbani B, Shahnazari M, Hosseindoust SS, Sehat Z. Predicting Home Violence, According to Perceived Social Support and Marital Satisfaction for Infertility Women in Tehran. Iran. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health (JSBCH). 2022; 6(2): 920-931. |
Introduction
Nowadays; individuals get married because of personal and social reasons. Childbearing and fertility is one of the main goals of marriage. Furthermore, childbearing and parenting in many societies have been one of the most prominent features of female roles; therefore, infertility has traditionally been regarded as a female problem (Jafarian, 2016).
Studies in many parts of the world demonstrated that women carry the main burden of infertility. It encompasses blame for failure in childbirth, distress, anxiety, sadness, fear, and social rejection, threats of divorce and leaving, and polygamy. According to another research in this field, infertile couples are expected to be involved in various psychological and social problems (Latifian, 2016, Peyvastehgar, 2016).
Social support may reduce the psychological pain of infertility in women. Perceived social support is also very important. It refers to one's cognitive appraisal of support in his/her relations. Theorists believe that all relations of a person with others are not considered social support unless one evaluates them as an accessible and appropriate resource to meet his/her needs (Salami, 2009, Soleimanian, 1994). In addition to being a burden and the difficulty of infertility in Iranian families, especially in women, violence and inequality against women happen in the family. The scope of this violence can extend to institutions beyond the family. According to the 1993 United Nations definition, domestic violence means any gender-based violent behavior that causes harm to physical, sexual or psychological aspects of women. Such behavior can happen due to threat, forced liberty limitation, in society or in secret (sepahvand, 2017, Cheraghali Gol, 2013).
Marital satisfaction is a feeling of enjoyment experienced by a man or woman when they think about all aspects of their marriage. Women's problems in the family are important, not only from an individual and family perspective, but also from a social perspective. Women comprise half of the population with undeniable effect in the development and growth of society. On the other hand, the prevalence of infertility in Iran is a subject that needs a lot of research because about a quarter of Iranian spouses’ experience primary infertility during their married life (Jafarian 2016, Latifian 2016, Peyvasteh gar, 2016, Sepahvand, 2017, Cheraghali Gol, 2013).
In this study, domestic violence was investigated in relation to other variables. Husbands’ violence against their wives is one of the main obstacles to family's health.This is because the relationship between men and women are the central pillars whose family sustainability depends on. Given that women are responsible for upbringing the next generation, they must be placed in an environment of peace and respect. Accordingly, it is very important to identify the effected factors in the family about violence against women. One aspect of domestic violence is a family connection between the victim and the perpetrator of violence, which makes the violence much more disgusting and inhumane. The significant point is that the perpetrator is both the culprit and the one who is supposed to support the woman playing the role of a refugee. Because it is a family crime, society and laws are less concerned about this kind of violence. This type of violence is hidden because it is committed in the most private aspect of individuals’ life. This, in turn, enhances and intensifies violence. Because of the strong empathy and emotional support to women, they seek further support in difficult and complicated situations. This is unlike men who prefer to be alone in the face of difficulties (Peyvasteh gar, 2016, Sepahvand, 2017). In addition, perceived social support was investigated in this study (Hamamci, 2005, Bahreinian, 2009).
Another problem with women in society is that they are often less aware of their social and legal rights than men. Undoubtedly, women, like men, enjoy social and civil rights, and gender does not block or restrict their access to such rights (Verhaak, 2005, Soleymani, 2014).
When women's awareness of social, legal, and civil issues is low, they cannot play a prominent role in their family and social decisions; hence, the level of life satisfaction declines. It is imperative to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction and the two other variables. Decreased satisfaction in women is the main barrier to the transmission of culture, or positive customs and values of the society to the next generations (Latifnejad, 2017, Riahi, 2017).
This study mainly aims to predict domestic violence with regard to marital satisfaction and perceived social support in infertile women. The secondary objectives of the study were to predict domestic violence against women with regard to perceived social support in infertile women, to predict domestic violence against women
with regard to marital satisfaction in infertile women.
Methods
Study design and population
The statistical method of this study was descriptive and correlational. This is because the researcher sought to predict and determine the contribution of predictor variables (perceived social support and marital satisfaction) in the estimation and explanation of the criterion variable (domestic violence) against women. Because of multiple predictor variables, the study used regression and non-experimental designs. Regarding the number and the nature of variables, researchers used simple sampling method for data collection. The statistical population of the study included numbers of infertile women referred to Avicenna Infertility Center in 2018. It has also received research and ethical code 96/4956.
Sample size
Tabachnick and Fidel’s formula was used to estimate the sample size. There were nine independent variables in this study. The sample size was 122. 150 questionnaires were distributed; however, some questionnaires were not completed. Considering the research objectives and hypotheses, data were collected using domestic violence, perceived social support, and marital satisfaction questionnaires.
Sampling method
Interviewers referred to the selected participants for an interview. At first, they completed a consent form. The interview for any patient was face to face.
In this study, the main domestic violence was violent or aggressive behavior at home. It involved the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Domestic violence was studieddomestic violence against women questionnaire.
Domestic violence against women questionnaire (Haj Yahya, 2002): This questionnaire was adopted from several other questionnaires, including the conflict tactics scale (CTS; Strauss, 1980), psychological maltreatment of women inventory (Tolman, 1990), and so on. The questionnaire consists of 32 items and 4 factors. Likert scale was used for scoring. The total score was obtained from the sum of the scores for each item (min and max scores = 32-96). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient from 60 respondents was 0.97. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was reported to be 0.82 (0.84) (Jafarian, 2015), 0.92 (Latifian, 2016), and 0.87 (Peyvastehgar, 2016).
Social support in this study was defined as the perception that one person is cared for, receives constant help from other people. Most popularly, he/she is part of a supportive social network. These supportive resources can be emotional (e.g., nurturance), informational (e.g., advice), or companionship (e.g., sense of belonging); tangible (e.g., financial assistance) or intangible (e.g., personal advice). Social support can be measured as the perception that one receives constant help, or the degree to which a person is integrated into a social network. In this paper, authors investigated social support by multidimensional scale of perceived social support.
Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet and Farley, 1988): This included 12 items and 3 subscales. It was scored based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from completely disagrees to completely agree. Perceived social support measures also focus on one's cognitive appraisal of the environment and one's level of confidence regarding the necessary help and support (Brewer, 2008). The sum of scores for each question was (min and max scores = 32-96). Wongpakaran 2001, estimated the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to be 0.81- 0.98 in nonclinical samples and 0.92-0.94 in clinical samples. Brewer, 2008 also reported the internal reliability of this scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient to be 0.86-0.90 for the subscales and 0.86 for the whole questionnaire. Salami et al. estimated the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the three dimensions of social support received from family, friends, and significant others to be 0.89, 0.86, and 0.82, respectively.
In this study, the meaning of marital satisfaction was the state of mental benefits and costs that perceived of marriage to a particular person. The more married partner enters the person, the more satisfied with the marriage and the less married partner. Likewise, the greater the perceived benefits are, the higher the satisfaction of the marriage and the marriage partner would be. In this study, marital satisfaction is enriched with the scale of marital satisfaction.
Enrich marital satisfaction scale: This questionnaire, developed by Olson, Russell, and (Sprinkel, 1989), is used to evaluate potential problematic contexts and detect the contexts enriching marital relations. Soleimanian (1994) prepared a short version of this questionnaire, which contained 47 questions is used in the present study. (Jafarian, 2015), Sepahvand, Rasoulzadeh, Tabatabai, Besharat, and Alahyari found that the questionnaire could distinguish happy and sad couples with a distinction power of 85-90%(Jafarian, 2015). This version consists of 10 subscales scored using a five-point Likert scale. It ranges from strongly agree (Jafarian, 2015) to strongly disagree (Soleimanian, 1994). Each item is scored separately. Then, the scores are summed up, resulting in a raw score. This is converted to a standard score in order to represent marital satisfaction. In Olson, Fournier, and Druckman’s (1989) report on Enrich scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales of ‘idealistic distortion’, ‘marital satisfaction’, ‘communication’, ‘conflict resolution’, ‘personality dimensions and issues’, ‘financial management’, ‘leisure activities’, ‘sexual relationship’, ‘offspring and childbearing’, ‘family and friends’, and egalitarian roles were 0.90, 0.81, 0.68, 0.75, 0.73, 0.74, 0.76, 0.48, 0.77,.72, and 0.71, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the enrich subscales in several studies varied from 0.68 (for egalitarian roles) to 0.86 (for marital satisfaction) with a mean score of 0.79. Soleimanian calculated the internal consistency of the test to be 0.93 for long relationships, and 0.95, for short relationships. In their study, reported Cronbach's alpha coefficients by (Cheraghali Gol, 2013) of 0.92 and 0.95, respectively.
Data analysis
In this study, all data analysis was performed using SPSS 22. To achieve the research findings through descriptive analysis of the data, frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values were considered. Regarding the inferential statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Durbin-Watson statistic, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate correlation coefficient, and simultaneous multivariate regression analysis was run.
The study was approved by the institutional review board with the ethics code: 96/4956 in Avicenna Research Institute. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants before their enrollments in this study.
Results
The study participants encompassed 130 infertile women in Tehran. The average household income was 31450000 rails, with the minimum income of 3000000 rails and maximum income of 65000000 rails.
In this study, the mean age of women was 31.63 (47-23), and the mean age of their husbands was 35.59 (48-26). The mean duration of marriage was 0.50 (2-20 years).
33.3% of women and 31% of their husbands had high school diplomas and lower levels of education, 66.90% of women and 69% of their husbands had university education. 56.9% were housewives and 43.1% were employed. 41.5% of husbands had freelancing jobs and 58.5% had government jobs.
In this study, participants were asked about separation from their husbands. Only 2.3% of women had seriously considered divorce, and 0.8 of them had taken legal action to separate from their husbands. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe domestic violence against women, as shown in Figure 1.
The mean scores of domestic violence against infertile women ranged from 1.016 for physical violence to 1.166 for psychological violence. Scoring was performed based on a three-point Likert scale ranging from "1 to 3", and the midpoint of the scale was 1.5. The domestic violence scale contained 32 items. The scores for each item was summed up and divided by the number of questions in the range 1 to 3 points. This was simple to interpret. Accordingly, the mean of the total score for domestic, physical, sexual, economic, and psychological violence against infertile women was below the mean score. A low score on this scale indicates no domestic violence against the respondent.
Studies in many parts of the world demonstrated that women carry the main burden of infertility. It encompasses blame for failure in childbirth, distress, anxiety, sadness, fear, and social rejection, threats of divorce and leaving, and polygamy. According to another research in this field, infertile couples are expected to be involved in various psychological and social problems (Latifian, 2016, Peyvastehgar, 2016).
Social support may reduce the psychological pain of infertility in women. Perceived social support is also very important. It refers to one's cognitive appraisal of support in his/her relations. Theorists believe that all relations of a person with others are not considered social support unless one evaluates them as an accessible and appropriate resource to meet his/her needs (Salami, 2009, Soleimanian, 1994). In addition to being a burden and the difficulty of infertility in Iranian families, especially in women, violence and inequality against women happen in the family. The scope of this violence can extend to institutions beyond the family. According to the 1993 United Nations definition, domestic violence means any gender-based violent behavior that causes harm to physical, sexual or psychological aspects of women. Such behavior can happen due to threat, forced liberty limitation, in society or in secret (sepahvand, 2017, Cheraghali Gol, 2013).
Marital satisfaction is a feeling of enjoyment experienced by a man or woman when they think about all aspects of their marriage. Women's problems in the family are important, not only from an individual and family perspective, but also from a social perspective. Women comprise half of the population with undeniable effect in the development and growth of society. On the other hand, the prevalence of infertility in Iran is a subject that needs a lot of research because about a quarter of Iranian spouses’ experience primary infertility during their married life (Jafarian 2016, Latifian 2016, Peyvasteh gar, 2016, Sepahvand, 2017, Cheraghali Gol, 2013).
In this study, domestic violence was investigated in relation to other variables. Husbands’ violence against their wives is one of the main obstacles to family's health.This is because the relationship between men and women are the central pillars whose family sustainability depends on. Given that women are responsible for upbringing the next generation, they must be placed in an environment of peace and respect. Accordingly, it is very important to identify the effected factors in the family about violence against women. One aspect of domestic violence is a family connection between the victim and the perpetrator of violence, which makes the violence much more disgusting and inhumane. The significant point is that the perpetrator is both the culprit and the one who is supposed to support the woman playing the role of a refugee. Because it is a family crime, society and laws are less concerned about this kind of violence. This type of violence is hidden because it is committed in the most private aspect of individuals’ life. This, in turn, enhances and intensifies violence. Because of the strong empathy and emotional support to women, they seek further support in difficult and complicated situations. This is unlike men who prefer to be alone in the face of difficulties (Peyvasteh gar, 2016, Sepahvand, 2017). In addition, perceived social support was investigated in this study (Hamamci, 2005, Bahreinian, 2009).
Another problem with women in society is that they are often less aware of their social and legal rights than men. Undoubtedly, women, like men, enjoy social and civil rights, and gender does not block or restrict their access to such rights (Verhaak, 2005, Soleymani, 2014).
When women's awareness of social, legal, and civil issues is low, they cannot play a prominent role in their family and social decisions; hence, the level of life satisfaction declines. It is imperative to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction and the two other variables. Decreased satisfaction in women is the main barrier to the transmission of culture, or positive customs and values of the society to the next generations (Latifnejad, 2017, Riahi, 2017).
This study mainly aims to predict domestic violence with regard to marital satisfaction and perceived social support in infertile women. The secondary objectives of the study were to predict domestic violence against women with regard to perceived social support in infertile women, to predict domestic violence against women
with regard to marital satisfaction in infertile women.
Methods
Study design and population
The statistical method of this study was descriptive and correlational. This is because the researcher sought to predict and determine the contribution of predictor variables (perceived social support and marital satisfaction) in the estimation and explanation of the criterion variable (domestic violence) against women. Because of multiple predictor variables, the study used regression and non-experimental designs. Regarding the number and the nature of variables, researchers used simple sampling method for data collection. The statistical population of the study included numbers of infertile women referred to Avicenna Infertility Center in 2018. It has also received research and ethical code 96/4956.
Sample size
Tabachnick and Fidel’s formula was used to estimate the sample size. There were nine independent variables in this study. The sample size was 122. 150 questionnaires were distributed; however, some questionnaires were not completed. Considering the research objectives and hypotheses, data were collected using domestic violence, perceived social support, and marital satisfaction questionnaires.
Sampling method
Interviewers referred to the selected participants for an interview. At first, they completed a consent form. The interview for any patient was face to face.
In this study, the main domestic violence was violent or aggressive behavior at home. It involved the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Domestic violence was studieddomestic violence against women questionnaire.
Domestic violence against women questionnaire (Haj Yahya, 2002): This questionnaire was adopted from several other questionnaires, including the conflict tactics scale (CTS; Strauss, 1980), psychological maltreatment of women inventory (Tolman, 1990), and so on. The questionnaire consists of 32 items and 4 factors. Likert scale was used for scoring. The total score was obtained from the sum of the scores for each item (min and max scores = 32-96). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient from 60 respondents was 0.97. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was reported to be 0.82 (0.84) (Jafarian, 2015), 0.92 (Latifian, 2016), and 0.87 (Peyvastehgar, 2016).
Social support in this study was defined as the perception that one person is cared for, receives constant help from other people. Most popularly, he/she is part of a supportive social network. These supportive resources can be emotional (e.g., nurturance), informational (e.g., advice), or companionship (e.g., sense of belonging); tangible (e.g., financial assistance) or intangible (e.g., personal advice). Social support can be measured as the perception that one receives constant help, or the degree to which a person is integrated into a social network. In this paper, authors investigated social support by multidimensional scale of perceived social support.
Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet and Farley, 1988): This included 12 items and 3 subscales. It was scored based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from completely disagrees to completely agree. Perceived social support measures also focus on one's cognitive appraisal of the environment and one's level of confidence regarding the necessary help and support (Brewer, 2008). The sum of scores for each question was (min and max scores = 32-96). Wongpakaran 2001, estimated the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to be 0.81- 0.98 in nonclinical samples and 0.92-0.94 in clinical samples. Brewer, 2008 also reported the internal reliability of this scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient to be 0.86-0.90 for the subscales and 0.86 for the whole questionnaire. Salami et al. estimated the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the three dimensions of social support received from family, friends, and significant others to be 0.89, 0.86, and 0.82, respectively.
In this study, the meaning of marital satisfaction was the state of mental benefits and costs that perceived of marriage to a particular person. The more married partner enters the person, the more satisfied with the marriage and the less married partner. Likewise, the greater the perceived benefits are, the higher the satisfaction of the marriage and the marriage partner would be. In this study, marital satisfaction is enriched with the scale of marital satisfaction.
Enrich marital satisfaction scale: This questionnaire, developed by Olson, Russell, and (Sprinkel, 1989), is used to evaluate potential problematic contexts and detect the contexts enriching marital relations. Soleimanian (1994) prepared a short version of this questionnaire, which contained 47 questions is used in the present study. (Jafarian, 2015), Sepahvand, Rasoulzadeh, Tabatabai, Besharat, and Alahyari found that the questionnaire could distinguish happy and sad couples with a distinction power of 85-90%(Jafarian, 2015). This version consists of 10 subscales scored using a five-point Likert scale. It ranges from strongly agree (Jafarian, 2015) to strongly disagree (Soleimanian, 1994). Each item is scored separately. Then, the scores are summed up, resulting in a raw score. This is converted to a standard score in order to represent marital satisfaction. In Olson, Fournier, and Druckman’s (1989) report on Enrich scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales of ‘idealistic distortion’, ‘marital satisfaction’, ‘communication’, ‘conflict resolution’, ‘personality dimensions and issues’, ‘financial management’, ‘leisure activities’, ‘sexual relationship’, ‘offspring and childbearing’, ‘family and friends’, and egalitarian roles were 0.90, 0.81, 0.68, 0.75, 0.73, 0.74, 0.76, 0.48, 0.77,.72, and 0.71, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the enrich subscales in several studies varied from 0.68 (for egalitarian roles) to 0.86 (for marital satisfaction) with a mean score of 0.79. Soleimanian calculated the internal consistency of the test to be 0.93 for long relationships, and 0.95, for short relationships. In their study, reported Cronbach's alpha coefficients by (Cheraghali Gol, 2013) of 0.92 and 0.95, respectively.
Data analysis
In this study, all data analysis was performed using SPSS 22. To achieve the research findings through descriptive analysis of the data, frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values were considered. Regarding the inferential statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Durbin-Watson statistic, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate correlation coefficient, and simultaneous multivariate regression analysis was run.
The study was approved by the institutional review board with the ethics code: 96/4956 in Avicenna Research Institute. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants before their enrollments in this study.
Results
The study participants encompassed 130 infertile women in Tehran. The average household income was 31450000 rails, with the minimum income of 3000000 rails and maximum income of 65000000 rails.
In this study, the mean age of women was 31.63 (47-23), and the mean age of their husbands was 35.59 (48-26). The mean duration of marriage was 0.50 (2-20 years).
33.3% of women and 31% of their husbands had high school diplomas and lower levels of education, 66.90% of women and 69% of their husbands had university education. 56.9% were housewives and 43.1% were employed. 41.5% of husbands had freelancing jobs and 58.5% had government jobs.
In this study, participants were asked about separation from their husbands. Only 2.3% of women had seriously considered divorce, and 0.8 of them had taken legal action to separate from their husbands. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe domestic violence against women, as shown in Figure 1.
The mean scores of domestic violence against infertile women ranged from 1.016 for physical violence to 1.166 for psychological violence. Scoring was performed based on a three-point Likert scale ranging from "1 to 3", and the midpoint of the scale was 1.5. The domestic violence scale contained 32 items. The scores for each item was summed up and divided by the number of questions in the range 1 to 3 points. This was simple to interpret. Accordingly, the mean of the total score for domestic, physical, sexual, economic, and psychological violence against infertile women was below the mean score. A low score on this scale indicates no domestic violence against the respondent.
Figure 1. Distribution of Domestic Violence against Infertile Women
According to Figure 2, the mean score of the perceived social support and its dimensions in infertile women ranged from 3.498 for the ‘perceived social support by friends’ to 4.248 for the ‘perceived social support by family’. Since the scoring was based on a five-point Likert, the midpoint of the scale was 3. Figure 2 shows the mean of perceived social support in infertile women.
Figure 2. Mean of Perceived Social Support in Infertile Women
The scores of perceived social support and its dimensions were greater than the mean scores. Higher scores indicated acceptable social support among the participants. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe marital satisfaction in infertile women
In Figure 3, the mean of marital satisfaction in infertile women ranged from 3.551 for the ‘idealistic distortion’ to 4.36 for the ‘connections’. Since the questionnaire was scored based on a five-point Likert scale, the midpoint was 3. The score of each item was summed up and divided by the number of questions in the range 1 to 5. This was simple to interpret. The scores of marital satisfaction and its dimensions were greater than mean scores. Higher scores from this scale represented an acceptable level of marital satisfaction among participants. Figure 3 demonstrates the mean marital satisfactions in infertile women.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the normal distribution of the variables and make decisions on the parametric or nonparametric tests. The results are shown in Table 1.
In Figure 3, the mean of marital satisfaction in infertile women ranged from 3.551 for the ‘idealistic distortion’ to 4.36 for the ‘connections’. Since the questionnaire was scored based on a five-point Likert scale, the midpoint was 3. The score of each item was summed up and divided by the number of questions in the range 1 to 5. This was simple to interpret. The scores of marital satisfaction and its dimensions were greater than mean scores. Higher scores from this scale represented an acceptable level of marital satisfaction among participants. Figure 3 demonstrates the mean marital satisfactions in infertile women.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the normal distribution of the variables and make decisions on the parametric or nonparametric tests. The results are shown in Table 1.
Figure 3. Mean Marital Satisfactions in Infertile Women
Table 1. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Distribution of Variables
| Variables | Kolmogorov Smirnov Test | Significance |
| Psychological violence | 1.266 | 0.064 |
| Physical violence | 1.259 | 0. 081 |
| Sexual violence | 1.155 | 0. 108 |
| Economic violence | 1.273 | 0. 057 |
| Domestic violence against women | 1.150 | 0.109 |
| Family | 1.264 | 0. 071 |
| Friends | 1.216 | 0. 096 |
| Significant others | 1.144 | 0.112 |
| Perceived social support | 0.959 | 0.317 |
| Idealistic distortion | 1.253 | 0.086 |
| Marital satisfaction | 0.744 | 0. 338 |
| Connections | 1.214 | 0.098 |
| Conflict resolution | 1.144 | 0.113 |
| Total score of marital satisfaction | 1.210 | 0.101 |
The results in Table 1 reveal that the level of significance for Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was "sig> 0.05". This finding suggests that marital satisfaction, perceived social support, and domestic violence against women and their dimensions were not significantly different from a normal distribution in infertile women. The values of skewness and kurtosis were < 2; hence, parametric tests were used to test the research hypotheses.
Hypothesis 1: Perceived social support and marital satisfaction predict domestic violence against infertile women: The distribution of perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and domestic violence in infertile women did not differ significantly from normal distribution. Therefore, the authors used correlation coefficient, multivariate correlation coefficient, and simultaneous multivariate regression analysis to test the above mentioned hypothesis.
Table 2 shows the correlation between social support and marital satisfaction, and domestic violence.
Hypothesis 1: Perceived social support and marital satisfaction predict domestic violence against infertile women: The distribution of perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and domestic violence in infertile women did not differ significantly from normal distribution. Therefore, the authors used correlation coefficient, multivariate correlation coefficient, and simultaneous multivariate regression analysis to test the above mentioned hypothesis.
Table 2 shows the correlation between social support and marital satisfaction, and domestic violence.
Table 2. Correlation between Social Support and Marital Satisfaction, and Domestic Violence
| Marital satisfaction | Domestic violence | ||
| Correlation | Squared correlation | Significance | |
| Perceived social support | -0. 622 | 0. 356 | 0.001 |
| Social support and marital satisfaction | -0. 255 | 0. 065 | 0. 003 |
The correlation coefficients were -0.255, -0.622, "-0.623, and 0.623 for the relationships between perceived social support and domestic violence against infertile women, marital satisfaction and domestic violence, and the combination of these two variables, respectively. In fact, the two variables could predict 0.388 (38.8%) of the variance. The correlation results are represented below.
Table 3. ANOVA of Regression Sum of Squares
| Effects | Sum of squares | Degrees of freedom | Mean square | F | Significance | Durbin Watson statistics |
| Regression | 1.034 | 2 | 0. 517 | 40.192 | 0.001 | 1.930 |
| Residuals | 1.634 | 127 | 0.013 | |||
| Total | 2.668 | 129 |
The ANOVA of the regression sum of squares are shown in Table 3. P <0.001, F (2, 127) = 40.192; hence, domestic violence can be predicted by perceived social support and marital satisfaction in infertile women (significance= < 0.05). The Durbin Watson test value was 1.930 (i.e. >1.5 and <2.5), indicating that residuals are independent. The following table presents regression analysis results.
Table 4. Regression Analysis of the Effect of Perceived Social Support and Marital Satisfaction on Domestic Violence
| Variables | Coefficients | Error | Standard coefficients | T | Significance |
| Fixed | 1.859 | 0.089 | 20.954 | 0.001 | |
| Perceived social support | - 0.003 | 0.015 | - 0.016 | - 0.218 | 0. 828 |
| Marital satisfaction | - 0.180 | 0.022 | - 0. 616 | -8.177 | 0.001 |
Marital satisfaction has a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The negative coefficient indicates that the higher the marital satisfaction is, the less the domestic violence against infertile women would be. Perceived social support had no significant effect on prediction of domestic violence against infertile women.
Hypothesis 2: Perceived social support predicts domestic violence against infertile women: Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to test this hypothesis. This is because variables were quantified, and no violation of normality was observed. The coefficient of correlation between perceived social support and domestic violence against infertile women was - 0.255. In other words, the perceived social support could predict 0.065 of variances in domestic violence against women. The Durbin Watson test value was 1.867 (i.e. >1.5 and <2.5), indicating
that the residuals are independent. (Correlation=
-0.255, squared correlation=0. 065, estimation
error =0.13959, Durbin Watson statistics=867.1)
Hypothesis 2: Perceived social support predicts domestic violence against infertile women: Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to test this hypothesis. This is because variables were quantified, and no violation of normality was observed. The coefficient of correlation between perceived social support and domestic violence against infertile women was - 0.255. In other words, the perceived social support could predict 0.065 of variances in domestic violence against women. The Durbin Watson test value was 1.867 (i.e. >1.5 and <2.5), indicating
that the residuals are independent. (Correlation=
-0.255, squared correlation=0. 065, estimation
error =0.13959, Durbin Watson statistics=867.1)
Table 5. Regression Analysis of the Effect of Perceived Social Support on Domestic Violence
| Variables | Coefficients | Error | Standard coefficients | T | Significance |
| Fixed | 1.304 | 0.070 | 18.533 | 0.001 | |
| Perceived social support | -. 052 | 0. 017 | -0.255 | -2.987 | 0.003 |
As shown in Table 5, perceived social support has a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The negative coefficient indicates that the higher the perceived social support is, the less the domestic violence against infertile women would be.
Hypothesis 3: Marital satisfaction predicts domestic violence against infertile women: Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to test this hypothesis. This was because the variables are quantitative and no violation of normality was observed. The coefficient of correlation between marital satisfaction and domestic violence against infertile women was -0.622. In fact, marital satisfaction could predict 0.356 of variances in domestic violence against women. Durbin Watson test value was 1.741 (i.e. >1.5 and <2.5), suggesting that the residuals are independent. (Correlation=-0.622, squared correlation=0.356, estimation error=0.11300, Durbin Watson statistics=1.741)
Hypothesis 3: Marital satisfaction predicts domestic violence against infertile women: Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to test this hypothesis. This was because the variables are quantitative and no violation of normality was observed. The coefficient of correlation between marital satisfaction and domestic violence against infertile women was -0.622. In fact, marital satisfaction could predict 0.356 of variances in domestic violence against women. Durbin Watson test value was 1.741 (i.e. >1.5 and <2.5), suggesting that the residuals are independent. (Correlation=-0.622, squared correlation=0.356, estimation error=0.11300, Durbin Watson statistics=1.741)
Table 6. Regression Analysis of the Effect of Marital Satisfaction on Domestic Violence
| Variables | Coefficients | Error | Standard coefficients | T | Significance |
| Fixed | 1.853 | 0.085 | 21.901 | 0.001 | |
| Marital Satisfaction | -0.181 | 0.020 | 0.622 | -8.997 | 0.001 |
In Table 6, marital satisfaction has a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The negative coefficient indicates that the higher marital satisfaction is, the less would be the domestic violence against infertile women.
Discussion
According to the findings, experts can predict domestic violence by perceived social support and marital satisfaction in infertile women. With regard to the regression analysis results, marital satisfaction had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. In other words, the higher the marital satisfaction is, the less domestic violence against infertile women would be. Moreover, perceived social support had no significant effect on predicting domestic violence against infertile women. The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of other studies (Zabihi rigcheshmeh, 2011, Hatamlavi, 2012). It should be noted that studies were heterogeneous regarding objectives and methodology; however, a majority of these studies compared perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and domestic violence in fertile and infertile women. Some studies revealed no significant difference between the two groups; but, most studies on fertile and infertile women acknowledge that perceived social support and marital satisfaction reduce domestic violence against women. According to the results of these studies, indices of marital relationship quality and personal beliefs of couples can play a significant role in the adaptation of infertile women. The psychosocial features of infertile couples to make them more adapted towards infertility and improve their mental health status are of utmost importance. This is while, social stress, anxiety, feeling of guilt, and hopelessness in life cause serious damages to marital satisfaction.
The Pearson correlation results demonstrated a meaningful and negative relationship between perceived social support and domestic violence against women (r = -0.255, p <0.05). The regression sum of squares revealed that perceived social support in infertile women could predict domestic violence. According to the regression analysis results, the perceived social support had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The higher the perceived social support is, the less the domestic violence would be against infertile women. Hence, the research hypothesis was confirmed. The effect of perceived social support on reducing domestic violence against women was 0.065. This was confirmed by other studies (Jafarian, 2016, Latifian, 2016). In one study on domestic violence against wives, Klomega 2008 found that higher level of education, economic status, and income of women as well as their better jobs and occupations cause less violence from their husbands. In fact, regarding relationships and the type of bonds, which are considered social capital, individuals can use perceived supportive and social resources to address their needs. Newman et al. note that social support has a direct impact on individuals’ physical complaints. Those with high social support are less vulnerable to illness, even in the case of an accident. Social support could reduce heart diseases, hypertension, nervous headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, and so on. Furthermore, it would also increase self-esteem and self-confidence. Salami, 2006 believes that those with higher social support enjoy a better life quality and health status.
People’s involvement in various social networks such as friendship and family networks and neighborhood communications provides support and resources. So, individuals with higher involvement in these networks would subsequently enjoy better health and life quality.
The correlation between marital satisfaction and domestic violence against women in infertile women was - 0.622. In other words, marital satisfaction could predict domestic violence against women by 0.356 (35.6%). According to the regression analysis results, marital satisfaction had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The higher the marital satisfaction is, the less the domestic violence against women would be. Therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings of this study are similar to another study in this field (Aykuz, 2014, Ozturk, 2017, Aliverdi niya, 2013).Bernstein considers participation in conflict resolution, opinion sharing, and consensus a major factor affecting marital satisfaction. Conflicts are inevitable in marriage, and the important point for couples is to be able to deal with them and resolve them. They should not be afraid of conflicts or make them problems (Jafarian, 2016, Latifian, 2016, Soleymani, 2014).
Most of the arguments regarding women are about lack of conversation, sympathy,,and sexual relations of men. In fact, women need more psychological intimacy and men request more sexual intimacy (Latifian2016, Soleymani 2014).
According to previous research, sexual issues are one of major issues in married life, and sexual consistency and satisfaction are among the main factors leading to marital happiness. Unless such relationships are satisfactory and complete, they might lead to a lot of discomfort, disagreement, and even family disintegration. If infertility in marital life does not affect men's needs, it does not reduce marital satisfaction and does not lead to violence (Latifnejad, 2017, Riahi, 2017).
Findings of this study should be applied with some caution. This is because some intervening variables such as personality factors, sexual satisfaction, sexual activity, women's coping styles, men's cultural and societal backgrounds, social acceptance, family’s coping strategies, and stressors affecting men's behavior and violence were not included in this study. This study was also limited to infertile women visiting Avicenna Center for Infertility in Tehran.
Conclusion
The findings of this study confirmed the role of perceived social support and marital satisfaction in predicting domestic violence against infertile women in Tehran. Therefore, the role of domestic violence against infertile women in social policymaking interventions should be considered. The researchers suggest counseling to educate infertile women. It is to help them manage failures and cope with problems. Counseling also makes them aware of the role of sexual relationships, excitement, and intimacy regarding enhancing their husband’s support, marital satisfaction, and nonviolent behaviors.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This study was from an MS dissertation and supported by a grant from Avicenna Infertility Center Foundation. The authors thank all parents who participated in the study.
Authors' contribution
Conceptualization, S.H.; methodology, S.H., B.Gh., M.SH.; formal analysis, S.H., Z.S.; investigation, S.H., B.Gh., M.SH., Z.H.; writing, reviewing, and editing, S.H., B.Gh., M.SH., Z.H.; supervision, B.Gh.; writing, original draft, Z.S. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and are responsible for any question related to the paper.
Discussion
According to the findings, experts can predict domestic violence by perceived social support and marital satisfaction in infertile women. With regard to the regression analysis results, marital satisfaction had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. In other words, the higher the marital satisfaction is, the less domestic violence against infertile women would be. Moreover, perceived social support had no significant effect on predicting domestic violence against infertile women. The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of other studies (Zabihi rigcheshmeh, 2011, Hatamlavi, 2012). It should be noted that studies were heterogeneous regarding objectives and methodology; however, a majority of these studies compared perceived social support, marital satisfaction, and domestic violence in fertile and infertile women. Some studies revealed no significant difference between the two groups; but, most studies on fertile and infertile women acknowledge that perceived social support and marital satisfaction reduce domestic violence against women. According to the results of these studies, indices of marital relationship quality and personal beliefs of couples can play a significant role in the adaptation of infertile women. The psychosocial features of infertile couples to make them more adapted towards infertility and improve their mental health status are of utmost importance. This is while, social stress, anxiety, feeling of guilt, and hopelessness in life cause serious damages to marital satisfaction.
The Pearson correlation results demonstrated a meaningful and negative relationship between perceived social support and domestic violence against women (r = -0.255, p <0.05). The regression sum of squares revealed that perceived social support in infertile women could predict domestic violence. According to the regression analysis results, the perceived social support had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The higher the perceived social support is, the less the domestic violence would be against infertile women. Hence, the research hypothesis was confirmed. The effect of perceived social support on reducing domestic violence against women was 0.065. This was confirmed by other studies (Jafarian, 2016, Latifian, 2016). In one study on domestic violence against wives, Klomega 2008 found that higher level of education, economic status, and income of women as well as their better jobs and occupations cause less violence from their husbands. In fact, regarding relationships and the type of bonds, which are considered social capital, individuals can use perceived supportive and social resources to address their needs. Newman et al. note that social support has a direct impact on individuals’ physical complaints. Those with high social support are less vulnerable to illness, even in the case of an accident. Social support could reduce heart diseases, hypertension, nervous headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, and so on. Furthermore, it would also increase self-esteem and self-confidence. Salami, 2006 believes that those with higher social support enjoy a better life quality and health status.
People’s involvement in various social networks such as friendship and family networks and neighborhood communications provides support and resources. So, individuals with higher involvement in these networks would subsequently enjoy better health and life quality.
The correlation between marital satisfaction and domestic violence against women in infertile women was - 0.622. In other words, marital satisfaction could predict domestic violence against women by 0.356 (35.6%). According to the regression analysis results, marital satisfaction had a significant effect on domestic violence against infertile women. The higher the marital satisfaction is, the less the domestic violence against women would be. Therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings of this study are similar to another study in this field (Aykuz, 2014, Ozturk, 2017, Aliverdi niya, 2013).Bernstein considers participation in conflict resolution, opinion sharing, and consensus a major factor affecting marital satisfaction. Conflicts are inevitable in marriage, and the important point for couples is to be able to deal with them and resolve them. They should not be afraid of conflicts or make them problems (Jafarian, 2016, Latifian, 2016, Soleymani, 2014).
Most of the arguments regarding women are about lack of conversation, sympathy,,and sexual relations of men. In fact, women need more psychological intimacy and men request more sexual intimacy (Latifian2016, Soleymani 2014).
According to previous research, sexual issues are one of major issues in married life, and sexual consistency and satisfaction are among the main factors leading to marital happiness. Unless such relationships are satisfactory and complete, they might lead to a lot of discomfort, disagreement, and even family disintegration. If infertility in marital life does not affect men's needs, it does not reduce marital satisfaction and does not lead to violence (Latifnejad, 2017, Riahi, 2017).
Findings of this study should be applied with some caution. This is because some intervening variables such as personality factors, sexual satisfaction, sexual activity, women's coping styles, men's cultural and societal backgrounds, social acceptance, family’s coping strategies, and stressors affecting men's behavior and violence were not included in this study. This study was also limited to infertile women visiting Avicenna Center for Infertility in Tehran.
Conclusion
The findings of this study confirmed the role of perceived social support and marital satisfaction in predicting domestic violence against infertile women in Tehran. Therefore, the role of domestic violence against infertile women in social policymaking interventions should be considered. The researchers suggest counseling to educate infertile women. It is to help them manage failures and cope with problems. Counseling also makes them aware of the role of sexual relationships, excitement, and intimacy regarding enhancing their husband’s support, marital satisfaction, and nonviolent behaviors.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This study was from an MS dissertation and supported by a grant from Avicenna Infertility Center Foundation. The authors thank all parents who participated in the study.
Authors' contribution
Conceptualization, S.H.; methodology, S.H., B.Gh., M.SH.; formal analysis, S.H., Z.S.; investigation, S.H., B.Gh., M.SH., Z.H.; writing, reviewing, and editing, S.H., B.Gh., M.SH., Z.H.; supervision, B.Gh.; writing, original draft, Z.S. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and are responsible for any question related to the paper.
References
Jafarian T, Fathi M, Arshi M, Ghaderi R. (2016). The Effect of Mens emotional intelligence on Violence against women among married couples. Knowledge &Research in Applied Psychology, 16(4), 76-83. [persian]
Latifian M, Arshi M, Alipour F, Ghaedamini Harouni G. (2016). Study on Relationship of Domestic Violence with Emotional Divorce Among Married Females in Tehran, Socialworkmag, 5(2), 5-12. URL: http://socialworkmag.ir/article-1-183-en.html. [persian]
Peyvasteh gar M, Khosravi Z, Karmi E. (2016). Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Attachment styles with men’s violence against their wives, 12(1), 7-26. [persian].
Salami AR, Joukar B, Nikpour R. (2009). Internet and communication: perceived social support and loneliness as antecedent variable. Psychological studies, 5(3), 81-102. [Persian]
Soleimanian A. (1994). the analysis on irrational thinking (based on the cognitive approach) on marital dissatisfaction.ministry of science and research and techonology. University of Tarbiat mo’allem of Tehran, master’s thesis.
sepahvand T, rasoulzadeh tabatabaie K, besharat M, allahyari A. (2017). The Efficacy of Integrated Model of Self-Regulation-Attachment Couple Therapy on Marital Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being of Couples, 7(1), 27-39.
Gol, H. C., Rostami, A. M., & Goudarzi, M. (2013). Prediction of marital satisfaction based on perfectionism. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 89, 567-571.
Hamamci Z. (2005). Dysfunctional relationship beliefs in marital satisfaction and adjustment. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 33(4), 313-28.
Bahreinian A. (2009). Nazemi F, dadkhah A, Comparison of marital satisfaction between fertile women and infertile women. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 7(9), 11-16.
Verhaak C. M, Smeenk J. M, Van Minnen A, Kremer J. A., & Kraaimaat, F. W. (2005). A longitudinal, prospective study on emotional adjustment before, during and after consecutive fertility treatment cycles. Hum Report, 20(8), 2253-2260.
Soleymani A, Najafi M, Ahmadi K, Mohbobi M. (2014). Effectiveness of conflicting couples, infertile couples, and emotional adjustment to increase its role in sexual satisfaction and quality of life. Journal of clinical care, 1(6), 42-50.
Latifnejad Roudsari R, Rasoulzadeh Bidgoli M. (2017). The Effect of Collaborative Infertility Counseling on Marital Satisfaction in Infertile Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 6(9), 47-54.
Riahi F, Khajeddin N, Izadi-Mazidi L. (2017). Evaluation of Relationship Between Mental Health and Marital Satisfaction in Male Married Students. Jentashapir Journal of Health Research, 8(1), e36630.
Delpishe A, Direkavand Moghadam A, Moradi Z, Mir Moghadam N. (2014). Aspect of epidemiology of infertility in Ilam in 2013. Journal of obstetrics Gynecology and infertility, 17(98), 8-14.
Karaca A, Unsal G. (2015). Psychosocial Problems and Coping Strategies among Turkish Women with Infertility. korean Soc Nurs Science, 9(3), 243-250.
Bahrami, N., Sattarzadeh, N., Ghojazadeh, M., Soleymani, M. A., Sadeghi, T., & Kazemi, H. (2010). Relation between infertility and sexual satisfaction in couples. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases, 14(2), 5-11.
Besharat, M. A., Lashkari, M., & Rezazadeh, M. R. (2021). Explaining adjustment to infertility according to relationship quality, couples' beliefs and social support. Journal of Family Psychology, 1(2), 41-54.
Czyżkowska, A., Awruk, K., & Janowski, K. (2016). Sexual satisfaction and sexual reactivity in infertile women: the contribution of the dyadic functioning and clinical variables. International journal of fertility & sterility, 9(4), 465.
Asadi, S., Mirghafourvand, M., Yavarikia, P., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., & Nikan, F. (2017). Domestic violence and its relationship with quality of life in Iranian women of reproductive age. Journal of family violence, 32(4), 453-460.
Saffari, M., Arslan, S. A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Pakpour, A. H., Zaben, F. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Factors associated with domestic violence against women in Iran: An exploratory multicenter community-based study. Journal of interpersonal violence, 0886260517713224.
Unal, E. O., Koc, S., Unal, V., Akcan, R., & Javan, G. T. (2016). Violence against women: A series of autopsy studies from Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 40, 42-46.
Jackson, K. T., & Mantler, T. (2017). Examining the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder related to intimate partner violence on antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum women: A scoping review. Journal of family violence, 32(1), 25-38.
Heidari, S., Berjis, K., & Ahmadi, L. (2017). The comparison of mental health and marital satisfaction of fertile and infertile women referred to infertility center of Jahad Daneshgahi In Qom. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), s903-s904.
Keshavarz-Afshar, H., Nosrati, F., Azad-Marzabadi, E., Eslahi, N., Gholami-Fesharaki, M., & Ghahvehchi-Hosseini, F. (2017). The effectiveness of personal construct therapy on marital satisfaction: A quasi-experimental study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(6), 7.
ZABIHI, R. M., MIRZAIAN, B., HASANZADEH, R., & SHAHIDI, M. (2012). Comparison of sexual attitude among fertile and infertile couples in cross - sectional studies and non - random sampling. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 21(1), 13-20. [Persian]
Hatamlavi M, Hashemi T. (2012). Comparison psychological well-being and marital satisfaction in fertile and infertile women of Tabriz. Journal of health psychology, 1(1), 17-28. [Persian].
Paterson, C., Jones, M., Rattray, J., & Lauder, W. (2013). Exploring the relationship between coping, social support and health-related quality of life for prostate cancer survivors: a review of the literature. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(6), 750-759.
Sigalla, G. N., Rasch, V., Gammeltoft, T., Meyrowitsch, D. W., Rogathi, J., Manongi, R., & Mushi, D. (2017). Social support and intimate partner violence during pregnancy among women attending antenatal care in Moshi Municipality, Northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-12.
Klomegah, R. Y. (2008). Intimate partner violence (IPV) in Zambia: An examination of risk factors and gender perceptions. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(4), 557-569.
Newman, S. J., Struyk, R., Wright, P., & Rice, M. (1990). Overwhelming odds: Caregiving and the risk of institutionalization. Journal of gerontology, 45(5), S173-S183.
Felming, P. (1986). Social support and buffering effect of friendships. Journal of human stress, 8(3), 14-22.
Akyüz, A., Şahiner, G., Seven, M., & Bakır, B. (2014). The effect of marital violence on infertility distress among a sample of Turkish women. International journal of fertility & sterility, 8(1), 67.
Ozturk, R., Taner, A., Guneri, S. E., & Yilmaz, B. (2017). Another face of violence against women: Infertility. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 33(4), 909.
Aliverdi niya A, Razi D, Ayini S. (2013). Sociological illustration violence against women: Experimental testing of resource theories available to women and radical feminism. Social welfare, 13(49), 367-406. [Persian]
Latifian M, Arshi M, Alipour F, Ghaedamini Harouni G. (2016). Study on Relationship of Domestic Violence with Emotional Divorce Among Married Females in Tehran, Socialworkmag, 5(2), 5-12. URL: http://socialworkmag.ir/article-1-183-en.html. [persian]
Peyvasteh gar M, Khosravi Z, Karmi E. (2016). Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Attachment styles with men’s violence against their wives, 12(1), 7-26. [persian].
Salami AR, Joukar B, Nikpour R. (2009). Internet and communication: perceived social support and loneliness as antecedent variable. Psychological studies, 5(3), 81-102. [Persian]
Soleimanian A. (1994). the analysis on irrational thinking (based on the cognitive approach) on marital dissatisfaction.ministry of science and research and techonology. University of Tarbiat mo’allem of Tehran, master’s thesis.
sepahvand T, rasoulzadeh tabatabaie K, besharat M, allahyari A. (2017). The Efficacy of Integrated Model of Self-Regulation-Attachment Couple Therapy on Marital Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being of Couples, 7(1), 27-39.
Gol, H. C., Rostami, A. M., & Goudarzi, M. (2013). Prediction of marital satisfaction based on perfectionism. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 89, 567-571.
Hamamci Z. (2005). Dysfunctional relationship beliefs in marital satisfaction and adjustment. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 33(4), 313-28.
Bahreinian A. (2009). Nazemi F, dadkhah A, Comparison of marital satisfaction between fertile women and infertile women. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 7(9), 11-16.
Verhaak C. M, Smeenk J. M, Van Minnen A, Kremer J. A., & Kraaimaat, F. W. (2005). A longitudinal, prospective study on emotional adjustment before, during and after consecutive fertility treatment cycles. Hum Report, 20(8), 2253-2260.
Soleymani A, Najafi M, Ahmadi K, Mohbobi M. (2014). Effectiveness of conflicting couples, infertile couples, and emotional adjustment to increase its role in sexual satisfaction and quality of life. Journal of clinical care, 1(6), 42-50.
Latifnejad Roudsari R, Rasoulzadeh Bidgoli M. (2017). The Effect of Collaborative Infertility Counseling on Marital Satisfaction in Infertile Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences, 6(9), 47-54.
Riahi F, Khajeddin N, Izadi-Mazidi L. (2017). Evaluation of Relationship Between Mental Health and Marital Satisfaction in Male Married Students. Jentashapir Journal of Health Research, 8(1), e36630.
Delpishe A, Direkavand Moghadam A, Moradi Z, Mir Moghadam N. (2014). Aspect of epidemiology of infertility in Ilam in 2013. Journal of obstetrics Gynecology and infertility, 17(98), 8-14.
Karaca A, Unsal G. (2015). Psychosocial Problems and Coping Strategies among Turkish Women with Infertility. korean Soc Nurs Science, 9(3), 243-250.
Bahrami, N., Sattarzadeh, N., Ghojazadeh, M., Soleymani, M. A., Sadeghi, T., & Kazemi, H. (2010). Relation between infertility and sexual satisfaction in couples. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases, 14(2), 5-11.
Besharat, M. A., Lashkari, M., & Rezazadeh, M. R. (2021). Explaining adjustment to infertility according to relationship quality, couples' beliefs and social support. Journal of Family Psychology, 1(2), 41-54.
Czyżkowska, A., Awruk, K., & Janowski, K. (2016). Sexual satisfaction and sexual reactivity in infertile women: the contribution of the dyadic functioning and clinical variables. International journal of fertility & sterility, 9(4), 465.
Asadi, S., Mirghafourvand, M., Yavarikia, P., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., & Nikan, F. (2017). Domestic violence and its relationship with quality of life in Iranian women of reproductive age. Journal of family violence, 32(4), 453-460.
Saffari, M., Arslan, S. A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Pakpour, A. H., Zaben, F. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2017). Factors associated with domestic violence against women in Iran: An exploratory multicenter community-based study. Journal of interpersonal violence, 0886260517713224.
Unal, E. O., Koc, S., Unal, V., Akcan, R., & Javan, G. T. (2016). Violence against women: A series of autopsy studies from Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 40, 42-46.
Jackson, K. T., & Mantler, T. (2017). Examining the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder related to intimate partner violence on antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum women: A scoping review. Journal of family violence, 32(1), 25-38.
Heidari, S., Berjis, K., & Ahmadi, L. (2017). The comparison of mental health and marital satisfaction of fertile and infertile women referred to infertility center of Jahad Daneshgahi In Qom. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), s903-s904.
Keshavarz-Afshar, H., Nosrati, F., Azad-Marzabadi, E., Eslahi, N., Gholami-Fesharaki, M., & Ghahvehchi-Hosseini, F. (2017). The effectiveness of personal construct therapy on marital satisfaction: A quasi-experimental study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(6), 7.
ZABIHI, R. M., MIRZAIAN, B., HASANZADEH, R., & SHAHIDI, M. (2012). Comparison of sexual attitude among fertile and infertile couples in cross - sectional studies and non - random sampling. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 21(1), 13-20. [Persian]
Hatamlavi M, Hashemi T. (2012). Comparison psychological well-being and marital satisfaction in fertile and infertile women of Tabriz. Journal of health psychology, 1(1), 17-28. [Persian].
Paterson, C., Jones, M., Rattray, J., & Lauder, W. (2013). Exploring the relationship between coping, social support and health-related quality of life for prostate cancer survivors: a review of the literature. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(6), 750-759.
Sigalla, G. N., Rasch, V., Gammeltoft, T., Meyrowitsch, D. W., Rogathi, J., Manongi, R., & Mushi, D. (2017). Social support and intimate partner violence during pregnancy among women attending antenatal care in Moshi Municipality, Northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-12.
Klomegah, R. Y. (2008). Intimate partner violence (IPV) in Zambia: An examination of risk factors and gender perceptions. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(4), 557-569.
Newman, S. J., Struyk, R., Wright, P., & Rice, M. (1990). Overwhelming odds: Caregiving and the risk of institutionalization. Journal of gerontology, 45(5), S173-S183.
Felming, P. (1986). Social support and buffering effect of friendships. Journal of human stress, 8(3), 14-22.
Akyüz, A., Şahiner, G., Seven, M., & Bakır, B. (2014). The effect of marital violence on infertility distress among a sample of Turkish women. International journal of fertility & sterility, 8(1), 67.
Ozturk, R., Taner, A., Guneri, S. E., & Yilmaz, B. (2017). Another face of violence against women: Infertility. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 33(4), 909.
Aliverdi niya A, Razi D, Ayini S. (2013). Sociological illustration violence against women: Experimental testing of resource theories available to women and radical feminism. Social welfare, 13(49), 367-406. [Persian]
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2022/05/30 | Accepted: 2022/09/6 | Published: 2022/11/15
Received: 2022/05/30 | Accepted: 2022/09/6 | Published: 2022/11/15
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